Russia's Cosmonauts Inside the Yuri Gagarin Training Center
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The first female selection The exact reasons why a female flight came about are obscure, but the timescale and events seem to be as follows: Towards the end of 1961, Sergey Korolyov wrote to Kamanin (who at that time was the assistant to the Deputy Chief Commander of the Air Force in charge of cosmonaut training) arguing that, in the near future, sixty cosmonauts of various specialties would be needed, including women. At that point, there were only seventeen pilots in training from the Gagarin selection. The group in training for the 1962 Vostok flights had lost Gagarin and Titov, who were on public relations duties, although Komarov and Volynov had replaced them. Korolyov's suggestion also reflected his desire to fly civilian engineers and doctors into space in an era when, within Soviet space circles, there was an optimism about the advance of cosmonautics and the speed of development. Competition with the Americans was very important and the Soviet Union had gained an advantage with the orbital flights of Gagarin and Titov in 1961. At that time, American women were lobbying to get into the Mercury programme, especially Jerri Cobb, who was a first class pilot. These developments were being monitored in the Soviet Union. WOMEN COSMONAUTS ARRIVE AT STAR CITY The decision to select women was made at the highest levels, including the Central Committee of the Communist Party. In Kamanin's dairy on 24 October 1961, he wrote, `After Gagarin's flight, I persuaded (the Air Force Chief Commander) Vershinin, (the Chief Designer) Korolyov, and (the President of the Academy of Sciences) Keldysh to organise the selection of a small group of women. This project, however, is moving with great difficulty. In my view, it is necessary to prepare women for space flights mainly for the following reasons: . Without doubt women will fly into space and it is therefore necessary to start preparations for women's flight now. . Under no circumstances can one allow the first woman in space to be an American. This would hurt the patriotic feelings of Soviet women. . The first Soviet woman cosmonaut will become an agitator for Communism as great as Gagarin and Titov. 8 Following the debate about who should be recruited for the 1960 selection and the connection with aviation, in 1960 they selected only combat pilots, despite the reservations of Korolyov. For the female candidates, it was decided that they should have a sports parachute background, as they would have to land by parachute from their Vostok capsule. Parachute jumping is a skill that they would not have time to teach potential candidates, so they would look to recruit the candidates from aviation clubs. Kamanin contacted the Central Committee of the Voluntary Association of the Army, Aviation and the Navy to assist him. He asked for details of 200 candidates, but after the initial screening in the sports clubs of the European part of the Soviet Union, only 58 met the criteria. On 18 January 1962, Kamanin saw 23 of the 58 candidates. He felt that none were fully qualified, but he needed women Women cosmonauts arrive at Star City 125
who were young, physically fit and had had flight or parachute training for at least six months. By 28 February 1962, the list had been reduced to only seven. Kamanin ranked Irina Solovyova, Valentina Tereshkova and Tatyana Kuznetsova as the best, followed by Yefremova and Vera Kvasova (of whom nothing is known) and Ludmilla Solovova (who was a sports pilot), and then Marina Sokolova (who was an instructor pilot). After a very detailed screening process, five were identified as potential candidates. Four of them came from parachute jumping but had different levels of expertise. Solovyova, for example, was a Master of Sport with over 800 jumps and was a member of the Soviet parachute team at the World Championships. The fifth candidate, Valentina Ponomaryova, came from sports aviation and had done only eight jumps. She was a third category jumper, but a very skilled pilot. 9 Ponomaryova was not included in the first screening, but was encouraged to apply late by Mstislav Keldysh, the President of the Academy of Sciences. Little is known about Kuznetsova before her selection, aged 20. 10 The order for the admission of the women candidates was given on 12 March 1962 (order number 67), admitting Solovyova, Kuznetsova and Tereshkova to the team. It was followed on 3 April 1962 by a second order (order number 92) admitting Yerkina and Ponomaryova. They reported for training at the centre immediately Meeting of the State Commission admitting the 1962 women into the cosmonaut team. On the left are Karpov and Gagarin; on the right are the women candidates 126 The Cosmonaut Group of the RGNII TsPK and were enrolled as privates in the Soviet Air Force, as they now belonged to a military unit. They found the transition to military discipline very difficult and their commanders had problems dealing with them. The training centre was really only offices, so they commuted into Moscow for training and lived in a rehabilitation centre. They went through the same training as the men, but although there was a lot of opposition to the prospect of a women's flight from the first group, this did not stop them helping the women in their training and, according to Ponomaryova, `teaching us how to deceive physicians and how to pass tests easier.' Like the men's group, they had specialists from Korolyov's design bureau available to teach them about spacecraft systems. When they completed their training and passed their state exams in December 1962, Kamanin asked them if they wanted to become regular officers in the Air Force. They consulted with their male colleagues and decided it was necessary to join the staff of the Air Force. Ponomaryova said in an interview, `It was necessary to be like everybody else.' This was an important decision, because when they wanted to get rid of the women after Tereshkova's flight, the fact that they were Air Force officers was a significant obstacle to their transfer or removal from the team. The female flight was delayed due to the construction of the spacecraft and the fact that their adapted flight suits were not ready, so their training was extended. The mission did not occur until June 1963. 11 In his diary entry of 27 December 1962, Kamanin wrote, `A decree ordering the training of sixty cosmonauts has been laying around, and suddenly the leadership wants to enforce it. Fifteen new trainee male cosmonauts and fifteen women are to be recruited ± an overall total of twenty by the end of 1962 and forty by the end of 1963. And crews are to be formed and trained, even though there are no spacecraft being built for the missions.' This reflected desires within the Soviet leadership for ambitious space plans. In the summer of 1962, the Vostok training group was reduced to four when Nelyubov failed a centrifuge test. He was replaced by Komarov, who in turn was replaced by Volynov when he developed a heart problem. In late 1962, twenty-five applicants passed the selection process and the medical tests at the TsVNIAG for entry into the Air Force cosmonaut team. MEDICAL SELECTION OF COSMONAUTS One of the best accounts of the process of medical selection was given by Colonel Eduard Buinovskiy, who was part of the 1963 selection, in an article in Spaceflight magazine called `A dream which almost came true'. This has been reproduced here with his permission. He has recently released his life story in a new book published in Russia in the autumn of 2004. Buinovskiy was asked to apply for the next Air Force selection on 9 June 1962 by his unit commander. This seemed to be the route for many applications, as the call had gone out to military units for potential candidates. `Soon I was called to a clinic for medical check-up. The Military Air Force Clinic Medical selection of cosmonauts 127 was situated in a big grey stone building in the centre of Moscow. There I came to find out just one thing: whether my health was good and I was fit enough to carry on with further tests and experiments. There were so many candidates that the doctors were operating like assembly line workers: `Open, close, turn, bend ± fit/not fit ± Next!' For some `potential heroes', the process was so quick that after thorough examination by several doctors, the poor guys found themselves back on the street not fully understanding what had happened and why they had not been chosen to be cosmonauts. I was lucky this time and passed all the examinations, though there were several moments when I dreaded that it would be the end of it. `The second stage of the examination was carried out in the Central Scientific and Research Aviation Hospital, situated in an old mansion in one of Moscow's parks. The hospital was mainly used for conducting routine medical check-ups of jet pilots, so the doctors were highly professional and knew their job very well. But this time they were facing a difficult task ± to select people capable of working under the space conditions, not knowing specific norms and criteria. The short-term flights by Gagarin and German Titov gave too little knowledge to work out an objective methodology for selecting future space pioneers. `Each of us received a sheet of paper with the list of tests and procedures we were to undergo while staying in hospital. I still keep that paper ± there were 25 types of examinations listed in it. Some of them were familiar, like surgeon, ophthalmologist, psychologist; others sounded rather mysterious: pressure chamber for `diving', vibrostand, radical speeding centrifuge, etc. Tests like that were routine for professional pilots, but not for us, representatives of other professions. So we were kind of scared of such tests and did not expect a positive outcome. There were also examinations, which seemed to be funny and not serious in the beginning. For instance, you enter a room and see an ordinary swing, like the one they have at children's parks. A pretty nurse tells you to sit on it and starts swaying you. It feels good in the beginning ± you laugh, joke and tease the nurse. But then after 10, 15, 20 minutes of swinging, you forget all your jokes and start looking for a bucket ± normally it was there in the corner modestly waiting for its time to come. Then there was another test, which also seemed to be a game in the beginning but in the end we were crawling out of the room literally on all fours. Another attractive-looking nurse tenderly ties you to a table. You lie silently and motionless for about 30±40 minutes. Then suddenly the table spins 45 degrees, and you find yourself suspended head over heels, and continue hanging like this for a long, long time. We jokingly called this test `Gestapo tortures'. But being young and strong we somehow managed to survive all the `tortures'. `During the short time I stayed in the hospital, I turned into an expert in medicine! I knew exactly why the numerous blood tests were taken, when it was better to undergo a certain examination ± in the morning or in the evening ± what products I should eat and what to avoid in order to get positive results. Every day, we raced from one examination room to another, had our sheets of paper filled in with test results, told each other about our feelings and experiences, and even found time for joking and friendly teasing. Medical selection board was the only part of that long, hard way towards space glory when relations between the applicants were even and 128 The Cosmonaut Group of the RGNII TsPK friendly, without envy and intrigues against each other. At least, I didn't perceive my roommates as competitors standing in my way. All of us were glad to see somebody's success and sincerely sad when somebody had to leave us. `I was among the lucky ones who stayed till the very end. The second stage of the selection was over. Then we were told `Wait!' The waiting period lasted for about two months. It was so difficult and tiresome ± to wait while your fate was being decided somewhere. In order not to miss the crucial call I tried to be close to the phone all the time. I even forgot all my dates with girls and rushed straight home after work.' New cosmonauts `Finally, on 8 January 1963, I faced the Mandate Commission headed by General Kamanin, the cosmonaut corps commander. I answered several questions and then heard the verdict: `Senior Lieutenant Buinovskiy, you are enlisted in the cosmonaut detachment of the Air Force!' Should I describe what I went through and the storm of emotions I felt when I left the room where the Commission had its sitting? This was one of the brightest, most unforgettable moments of my life. The order for the assignment of the group was made on 10 January 1963 (Air Force order number 14). `On 25 January 1963, Vitaliy Zholobov and myself (we became friends in the hospital) arrived at the mysterious Centre for Cosmonaut Training. At that time there was no Zvyozdnyy Gorodok, just a few two- or three-storey buildings in a wonderful pine tree forest. We joined the team of other newcomers; all in all there were 15 of us. In fact, ours was the third team in the detachment; Gagarin's was the first one, then the group of girls, and then us. But our detachment was a unique one ± for the first time it was decided to incorporate aviation engineers and representatives of the rocket forces (engineers included) into the training programme. So our `international' team consisted of seven engineers (Engineer Lt- Colonel Lev Demin, Engineer-Major Yuri Artyukhin, Engineer-Captain Pyotr Kolodin, and Senior Engineer-Lieutenants Eduard Buinovskiy, Vitaliy Zholobov, Vladislav Gulyayev and Eduard Kugno) and eight pilots (Lt-Colonel Vladimir Shatalov, Majors Aleksey Gubarev, Anatoliy Filipchenko, Georgiy Dobrovolskiy, Anatoliy Kuklin, and Lev Vorobyov, and Captains Anatoliy Voronov and Aleksandr Matinchenko). I am aware that today only a few of the above names sound familiar to the general public ± not all of us managed to complete the training and only seven of those who did were lucky to participate in space missions. But at that time, almost forty years ago, we were just a group of 15 young men selected to become heroes. `The hotel we were to live in had a small, cosy canteen, where we got acquainted with the guys from the first team. The girls, led by Valentina Tereshkova, were actively playing the roles of mediators. Later on, at dinner, in an easy, almost family atmosphere, we met the four heroes (Yuri Gagarin, German Titov, Andriyan Nikolayev, and Pavel Popovich). My dream was about to come true ± I was to become a cosmonaut and fly into space.' This is a graphic first hand account of what was a very new process for selection, Medical selection of cosmonauts 129
The original prime crew of Soyuz 13 taking a break from the flight simulator. (from left) Lev Vorobyov (Commander) and Valeriy Yazdovskiy (Flight Engineer) and one that was very different from the previous ones. The trainees include one from VMF Navy Aviation, two from the PVO Air Defense, four from the RVSN Strategic Rocket Forces, and eight from the VVS Air Force. All were transferred to the Air Force. The identity of the six candidates who failed in their application is also known. They were Boris Belousov (who reapplied successfully in 1965), Valentin Sidorenko, Korotkov, Suvorov, Georgiy Beregovoy (who was added to the selection in 1964) and Georgiy Katys (a civilian scientist who was selected for Voskhod and Soyuz training at a later date). 4 The new group were older and more experienced than the majority of the first selection and had all been to, and graduated from, military academies. Some had held command positions and were of similar and even higher rank than the first selection. This led to real tension within the growing team. In an interview in June 1990, Leonov stated, `They were interested in rank, titles and position and we were pushed aside.' There was a lot of resentment between the two groups and the senior men chafed at taking orders from younger men like Gagarin. 7 On 1 February 1963, there were thirty-five cosmonauts in training, divided into six groups. . Group 1: Four female cosmonauts (Solovyova, Ponomaryova, Tereshkova, Yerkina) in final training for two simultaneous flights in March 1963 . Group 2: Three male cosmonauts (Komarov, Bykovskiy, Volynov) in training for two or three individual flights of over five days duration in the second half of 1963 130 The Cosmonaut Group of the RGNII TsPK . Group 3: Four flown cosmonauts (Gagarin, Titov, Nikolayev, Popovich) in academic training but also heavily occupied with public relations tasks . Group 4: Six cosmonauts from the first group ± not trained for Vostok and available for Vostok or Soyuz flights from 1964 onwards (Nelyubov, Shonin, Khrunov, Zaikin, Gorbatko, Filatyev) . Group 5: Seven pilot-cosmonauts, just selected and starting training . Group 6: Eight engineer-cosmonauts just started training. In September 1963, a group of eight cosmonauts (Belyayev, Komarov, Shonin, Khrunov, Zaikin, Leonov, Gorbatko and Volynov) were in training for the 1964 missions. There was also increased pressure from Korolyov on the Air Force to include civilians in the crews for upcoming missions. At the beginning of 1964, the Soviet cosmonaut team had a complement of 33, six of whom had flown in orbit. In 1963, three candidates, including Beregovoy and Sidorenko, had been turned down due to their age. The age limit for candidates was 35, which had been set by the Communist Party's central committee. Marshal Sergey Rudenko, the Minister of Defence, had an idea that a small team of older candidates would give added experience to the team, but the Mandate Commission met at the turn of the year and turned down the request. They cited the `scepticism by cosmonauts, who had patiently waited in line to make a mission and were now likely to be leapfrogged by these candidates.' Kamanin was overruled by Vershinin and, with reluctance, did not block the decision. Sidorenko did not pass the medical and was not considered, but Colonel Beregovoy, who was already a Hero of the Soviet Union and a top test pilot, was transferred on 25 January 1964 (Air Force order number 072). He was attached to the 1963 selection for training and administration purposes. Later in the year, as plans for the Voskhod programme were being finalised, a number of Air Force candidates were short-listed to work on the programme. They were all Air Force doctors and experimenters and included Colonel Vasiliy Lazarev, a pilot and military doctor, and Vladimir Degtyaryov, an Air Force doctor who specialised in space medicine. He was not assigned to the Voskhod mission, but was selected in 1965 as part of the next formal selection. Lazarev did serve as back-up to the Voskhod 1 mission in 1964, but then returned to his normal duties. In January 1965, fifteen candidates passed their state examinations, completed their general space training and were given the designation Cosmonaut. There were thirteen from the 1963 group, plus Beregovoy and Kuznetsova. Permission was given to recruit up to forty more cosmonauts, which would, for the first time, include civilian cosmonauts and scientists. (See page 147). They also agreed that the cosmonauts would be between 30 and 32 years old. There were 284 candidates identified from military ranks, of which sixty passed the tests. But it was agreed that a limit of twenty military men would be selected (with the rest being civilians) to join in 1966. The next selection, the third by the Air Force, was the `Young Guard' selection, with 22 pilots, engineers and a doctor selected under order of the Air Force number 0942, dated 28 October 1965. Some members of the group were as young as 22. This reflected a view that young pilots would be easier to train as space pilots, and this Medical selection of cosmonauts 131 was seen in the 1960 selection as well. Leonov commented that this was a mistake and certainly by the mid 1980s, the criteria for selection had changed to take into account previous experience. `We did not need space careerists,' Leonov said. The new selection consisted of Lieutenants Valeriy Voloshin, Vyacheslav Zudov, Leonid Kizim, Pyotr Klimuk, Anatoliy Fedorov, Aleksandr Skvortsov, Oleg Yakovlev, Vasiliy Shcheglov, Gennadiy Sarafanov, Aleksandr Kramarenko, Ansar Sharafutdinov and Aleksandr Petrushenko (all pilots), and Engineer-Major Boris Belousov, Engineer-Captains Gennadiy Kolesnikov, Eduard Stepanov and Mikhail Lisun, Senior Engineer-Lieutenants Yuri Glazkov, Valeriy Rozhdestvenskiy and Yevgeniy Khludeyev, Navigator-Lieutenant Vitaliy Grishchenko and Sergeant Vladimir Preobrazhenskiy (all engineers). Preobrazhenskiy became the only non- commissioned officer appointed to the team. The doctor was Major of Medical Services Vladimir Degtyaryov. Belousov was older than the agreed criteria, but was allowed to join the team. He was a member of the Rocket Forces and transferred to the Air Force. Degtyaryov withdrew from the selection almost immediately because he did not want to give up his research to train for many years to fly into space. He was replaced immediately by Lt-Colonel Vasiliy Lazarev, who backed up the Voskhod 1 The Soyuz 32 crew in the Salyut 6 simulator hall. On the left is Valeriy Ryumin and on the right is mission commander Vladimir Lyakhov 132 The Cosmonaut Group of the RGNII TsPK
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