Russia's Cosmonauts Inside the Yuri Gagarin Training Center
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Lieutenant Maksim Surayev on 24 June 1997, under order number 0676. Five more candidates reported by order number 0162, dated 26 December 1997. They were Senior Lieutenants Konstantin Valkov and Sergey Volkov, Majors Dimitriy Kondratyev and Oleg Moshkin and Captain Roman Romanenko. Volkov and Romanenko are also the sons of former cosmonauts. Major Yuri Lonchakov joined this selection last, arriving on 24 June 1998. This group had passed the State Commission in July 1997 but due to military duties, their entry had been delayed. Moshkin did not pass his basic training (OKP) and left both the cosmonaut group and the Air Force in 1999. The way this group was selected was different than before, with all the candidates introduced to General Pyotr Deynekin, the Commander of the Air Force. They then went before the GMVK, led by Russian Space Agency director Yuri Koptev and, if approved, their order transferring them to the training centre was endorsed by Defence Minister Yuri Rodionov. This reflected the importance of these appointments within the military system, even in this new era of Russian politics. 140 The Cosmonaut Group of the RGNII TsPK
A major issue with the International Space Station for the Russians is the time that the cosmonauts have to spend training overseas. Many spend months in Houston, and there is now a cosmonaut resident there. They also have to spend time in Canada, where they train on the Shuttle and ISS arms and undergo winter training exercises, and at both the ESA facility in Cologne and the Japanese centre, where the cosmonauts train on the mock-ups of the modules produced by those agencies. All of the current team is learning English and some are very fluent, although some do struggle. This is an additional strain on what was already a demanding job. So far, only Lonchakov has flown in space, on both a Shuttle and a Soyuz. He is currently the commander of the cosmonaut team, having replaced Korzun in late 2003. A number of others are assigned to crews, however, and should fly in the next few years. One candidate who had been selected by the Strategic Rocket Forces in 1996 transferred to the Air Force on 2 September 1998. He was Lt-Colonel Yuri Shargin, who subsequently transferred back to the Rocket Forces (RVSN) in 2001. On 14 April 1998, civilian Yuri Baturin, who was a political adviser to President Yeltsin on space matters, was attached to the Air Force selection with a rank of Colonel. An additional group started their basic training in 2003, the first that had adapted to a new selection process similar to that of civilian selections. The four candidates were Major Anton Shkaplerov (pilot), who passed the GMK on 12 September 2002, Captain Anatoliy Ivanishin (pilot) and Captain Yevgeniy Tarelkin (test engineer), who passed GMK on 1 March 2002 and commander of the group, Lt-Colonel Aleksandr Samokutyayev, who passed the GMK on 20 January 2003. This selection also included a number of cosmonauts from other departments and organisations, including one civilian, Sergey Zhukov, who has been attached to the Air Force selection. They have all started basic training. The formal badge of the Air Force Group of Cosmonauts Command structure revised 141
In 2003 and 2004, a number of Air Force cosmonauts left the team, reflecting a change of order within the group. Gidzenko stood down to take up a number of positions in the training centre and currently heads the survival training department, which is designated the Third Directorate. After completing their long training schedule and missions on the International Space Station, cosmonauts Dezhurov, Onufriyenko and Korzun stood down to take up positions within the command structure of the training centre. Korzun became the Deputy Commander of the training centre with a promotion to the rank of Major-General. Musabayev, who had flown three missions, left to take up a teaching post at the Zhukovskiy Academy, also with a promotion to the rank of Major-General. Sergey Zalyotin left by Air Force order number 560, on 20 September 2004, when he successfully stood as a member of the Duma, the Russian Parliament, for the Tula region. This leaves fourteen cosmonauts under the command of Lonchakov and his deputies Afanasyev and Baturin, plus four candidates who should complete their basic training in 2005. The group includes only seven who have flown in space, although a number of the rookies are slated for future missions to ISS. Two who are currently in training for missions are Lt-Colonel Kondratyev and the newly promoted Lt-Colonel Sergey Volkov.
Since 1960, 127 members of the Air Force have been selected and trained at TsPK. Of these, 56 had flown in space by the end of December 2004 and eleven of the cosmonauts have flown missions which, when combined, have lasted more than one year in total duration. Table 5 Air Force cosmonauts who went before the State Commission instead of just being transferred by Military Order Born Medical
State Commission Commission Artsebarskiy 1956 Sep 9 1985 Sep 2 Afanasyev 1948 Dec 31 1985 Sep 2 Manakov
1950 Jun 1 1985 Sep 2 Gidzenko 1962 Mar 26 1987 Mar 26 Dezhurov
1962 Jul 30 1987 Mar 26 Korzun 1953 Mar 5 1987 Mar 26 Malenchenko 1961 Dec 22 1987 Mar 26 Tsibliyev 1954 Feb 20 1987 Mar 26 Krichevskiy 1955 Jul 9 1989 Jan 25 Onufriyenko 1961 Feb 6 1989 Jan 25 Padalka
1958 Jun 21 1989 Jan 25 Vozovikov 1958 Apr 17 1990 May 11 Zalyotin
1962 Apr 21 1990 May 11 Sharipov 1964 Aug 24 1990 May 11 Shargin
1960 Mar 20 1996 Feb 9 Kotov 1965 Oct 27 1996 Feb 9 Valkov
1971 Nov 11 1997 Jul 28 Volkov 1973 Apr 1 1997 Jul 28 142 The Cosmonaut Group of the RGNII TsPK Born Medical
State Commission Commission Kondratyev 1969 Apr 25 1997 Jul 28 Moshkin 1964 Apr 23 1997 Jul 28 Romanenko 1971 Aug 9 1997 Jul 28 Skvortsov 1966 May 6 1997 Jul 28 Surayev
1972 May 24 1997 Jul 28 Tokarev 1952 Oct 29 1997 Jul 28 Lonchakov 1966 Mar 4 1997 Jul 28 Baturin 1949 Jun 12 2000 Sep 27 1997 Sep 15 Kotik *
Tarelkin 1974 Dec 29 2002 Mar 1 Air Force 2003 May 29 Shkaplerov 1972 Feb 20 2002 Sep 12 Air Force 2003 May 29 Samokutyayev 1970 Mar 13 Air Force 2003 May 29 Ivanishin 1969 Jan 15 Air Force 2003 May 29 * Kotik is the only pilot to pass the Medical Commission without being subsequently passed by the State Commission Table 6 Summary of Air Force Groups Selection Year Number
First 1960
20 Women
1962 5 Second 1963 15 Supplemental 1964 1 Third 1965 23 Fourth 1967 12 Fifth 1970 9 Sixth 1976 9 Seventh 1978 2 Eighth 1987 5 Ninth 1988 3 Tenth 1989 3 Eleventh 1990 3 Twelfth 1991 1 Thirteenth 1996±97 2 Fourteenth 1997±98 10 Fifteenth 2003 4 Total 127 Command structure revised 143 Table 7 The Air Force Cosmonaut Group Commanders Commander of the Air Force Detachment 1961 May 25±1963 Dec 20 Gagarin
1963 Dec 20±1968 Jul 7 Nikolayev 1968 Jul 11±1969 Sep 28 Bykovskiy 1969 Mar 3 The Detachment was split into training groups 1969±1970 This structure was under the First Directorate headed by P.I Belyayev Section 1: Earth Orbital Ships including Soyuz and DOS Salyut 1969±1971 Shatalov
1971±1973 Leonov
1973±1976 Lazarev
Section 2: Military space programmes Almaz and Soyuz VI 1969±1973 Shonin 1973±1974 unknown 1974±1976 Artyukhin Section 3: Lunar programmes including ASTP 1969±1976 Bykovskiy Section 4: Aerospace Projects including Spiral 1969±1970 Titov G 1970±1973 Filipchenko 1973±1976 Khrunov Student Cosmonauts 1969±1970 Kuznetsov 1970±1973 Volynov
1973±unknown Kuklin
1978 Mar 30 The detachment was reformed into a single command structure but was divided into a number of departments. Under the Commander was a deputy, and the departments who each had a head were: Political; Orbital Operations; International; Air and Space; and Candidates. 1978 Mar 30±1982 Jan 20 Leonov
1982 Jan 26±1982 Nov 19 Gorbatko
In February 1982 the department was reorganised again: 1. Orbital spacecraft and space stations. 2. Multipurpose spacecraft 3. International programmes 4. Researchers 5. GOGU Mission Control 6. Students 1982 Nov 19±1990 Jun 30 Volynov In April 1990 sections 3 and 5 merged, as did sections 4 and 6 144 The Cosmonaut Group of the RGNII TsPK
1990 Jun 30±1998 Volkov A
1995 Jul 24±1996 Nov Fefelov stood in for Aleksandr Volkov 1998 Jan 15±2003 Nov 4 Korzun. While Korzun trained and flew on ISS, Afanasyev VM deputised 2003 Nov 4±date Lonchakov REFERENCES 1 The Rocket Men, Rex Hall and David Shayler, Springer-Praxis, 2001 2 Article `Cosmonauts' by Col. E. Pyotrov, p 277, 1962. He used a secret name to disguise his true identity. It is likely that he was Col. Yevgeniy Karpov, the first Commander of the training centre 3 Chelovek, Nebo, Kosmos, Major-General A.K. Babiychuk, 1979 4 The Selection of Cosmonauts, Sergey Shamsutdinov, JBIS, 50, 1997, pp 31 5 The Soviet Cosmonaut team 1960±1971, Rex Hall, JBIS, 36, 1983, p 468±473 6 Izvestia, 4 April 1986, Background to Manned Space Flight 7 Interview with Leonov by Michael Cassutt, June 1990; Kamanin Diaries entries for 24 March and 27 March 1962 8 Nikolay Kamanin, The Hidden Cosmos and Diaries; 4 books published in Russian, 1995, 1997, 1999, 2001 9 Kamanin Diaries, entries dated 18 January and 28 February 1962 10 Women in Space: Following Valentina, David J Shayler and Ian Moule, Springer-Verlag 2005, pp 44±48 11 History of Recent Science and Technology website http://hrst.mit.edu/hrs/Apollo/soviet/ interviews.htm, Interview with Ponomaryova, 17 May 2002 12 Kamanin Diaries, entries dated 31 July and 13 September 1967 13 Kamanin Diaries 1967±1969, Bart Hendrickx, JBIS, Nov/Dec 2000 14 Kamanin Diaries, entry 25 December 1967 15 Kamanin Diaries 1964±1966, Bart Hendrickx JBIS, 51, 1998, p 413±440 16 Kamanin Diaries, entry 24 March 1970 The major source for this chapter were the books of Nikolay Kamanin, whose diaries were published in four volumes. They covered the period 1960 to 1971, when he retired as head of Cosmonaut Training. `Skrytyy Kosmos Knigi Chetvyortaya' Volume 1 1995, Volume 2 1997, Volume 3 1999 and Volume 4 2001.They have been covered extensively in the Russian press and have been extensively used in various publications. Bart Hendrickx did a set of articles summarising the contents in the Journal of the British Interplanetary Society; (JBIS) 50, 1997 pp 33±40, 51, 1998 pp 413±440, 53, 2000 pp 384±426, 55, pp 311±360 Spaceflight `A dream which almost came true' by Eduard Buinovskiy and Marina Buinovskaya References 145
The Cosmonaut group of RKK Energiya The design bureau headed by Sergey Korolyov was formed on 26 April 1950, after the old NII was split into two, with Korolyov now heading OKB-1 (Test Construction Bureau No 1), reflecting the importance of rocket design within the Soviet Military complex. OKB-1 was responsible for designing the R-7 booster, Sputnik, planetary craft and the first manned spaceship, `Vostok'. It was based in Podlipki (which was renamed Kaliningrad in 1926). ENGINEERS IN SPACE Korolyov was very keen that civilians should be included in space crews, almost from the time the 1960 Air Force group was selected. He lobbied hard, but opportunities were limited and he would have to break the monopoly of the Air Force. Kamanin in particular was an obstacle to the inclusion of civilians into forthcoming crews and all the various selection and medical commissions were under the control of the military. He did succeed in lowering some of the medical requirements, however. When Voskhod came along, it gave Korolyov a unique opportunity to expand the specialisations within the crew and OKB-1 was asked to provide candidates for the Voskhod mission. Korolyov started the process in March 64 and in late May, a total of eleven candidates were sent for medical screening. The seven that passed were Konstantin Feoktistov, Georgiy Grechko, Valeriy Kubasov, Oleg Makarov, Nikolay Rukavishnikov, Vladislav Volkov and Valeriy Yazdovskiy, who would form the basis of the OKB team for years to come. It was dubbed `Korolyov's Kindergarten' and Sergey Anokhin, a very skilled test pilot and a Hero of the Soviet Union, was appointed by Korolyov in 1964 to be the head of the team and its selection process. It is likely that some internal selection process was undertaken after his appointment and Anokhin reported to Konstantin Bushuyev, a deputy of Korolyov. Korolyov and Anokhin selected Feoktistov for consideration as a Voskhod crewman, even though they could have included up to three engineers in the candidate group. The inclusion of Feoktistov, who was a leading member of OKB-1 and had been involved in the design of the craft, was due to waivers to the restriction that cosmonauts could only be recruited from the Air Force. His selection meant that a large number of civilian engineers came forward for medical screening. Korolyov's next opportunity to establish a civilian cosmonaut team came in September 1965 with the decree authorising Soyuz (7K-OK) construction. The multi-person craft would give scope to a new breed of cosmonaut, the first for the Soviets, and following the selection of the first group of scientist-astronauts by NASA in June 1965. Korolyov never saw his dream of an OKB-1 team fulfilled, as he died in January 1966. His death caused a lot of confusion in the management of OKB-1 while they made decisions which would affect space planning for years. On 6 March 1966, OKB-1 was renamed TsKBEM (Central Construction Bureau of Experimental Machine Building), although Vasiliy Mishin, Korolyov's first deputy director, was not confirmed as his successor until 11 May 1966. On 23 May, TsKBEM Flight Test Department number 731 was founded with the appointment of eight testers. They were not given the title of `cosmonaut', as Mishin did not wish to offend Kamanin and the Air Force. The eight candidates, many of whom had been identified by Korolyov, were Vladimir Bugrov, Gennadiy Dolgopolov, Valeriy Kubasov, and Aleksey Yeliseyev, plus Anokhin, Grechko, Makarov, and Volkov. The structure of the department is unclear at this point, but Anokhin now reported to a new director called Leonid Kuvashinov, who headed the team for a short time. In 1966, a number of future cosmonauts, such as Vladimir Aksyonov, Aleksandr Aleksandrov (who worked as a technician) and Valentin Lebedev, were working in a `Flight Test Department'. Mishin received a decree from the State Commission on 15 June 1966 to allow him to include civilians in the crews of the Soyuz craft. The Soyuz 10 crew in front of the Volga docking simulator. (from left) Energiya engineers Aleksey Yeliseyev and Nikolay Rukavishnikov with Air Force commander Vladimir Shatalov 148 The Cosmonaut group of RKK Energiya Tension between the TsKBEM and the Air Force remained, however, with Kamanin only assigning Air Force personnel to the early Soyuz crews. He was sceptical about the health of some of the civilian candidates, calling them invalids. This tension had to be resolved and it was done at the highest level, with Air Force Chief of Staff Sergey Rudenko ordering Kamanin to solve the problem. Mishin requested that the eight testers be examined at the TsNIAG hospital by the Medical Commission and on 31 August, Anokhin presented the civilian team to Kamanin. On 5 September, Kubasov, Grechko and Dolgopolov were certified as being eligible for training, and Yeliseyev joined them when they started training on 1 October. Grechko broke his leg while parachute jumping and was replaced by Makarov, and additions to the group came at the beginning of 1967 with the selection of Nikolay Rukavishnikov in January and Vitaliy Sevastyanov in February. Yeliseyev and Kubasov were assigned in mid-November to the Soyuz 1 and 2 crews to be launched in the spring of 1967. Yeliseyev, who had adopted his mother's name, had problems with KGB screening when they discovered that his father had been jailed in the 1930s for anti-Soviet agitation. He had also just been divorced and had remarried, which caused concern but, unlike Air Force pilots who had divorced, it did not lead to his disqualification. Formal structure established at Energiya On 27 March 1967, the Central Committee and the Council of Ministers approved a new policy for cosmonauts such as flight engineers and cosmonaut researchers. Authority over this new class of cosmonauts was given to the Ministry of General Machine Building (MOM) and medical control was moved from the Air Force to the Ministry of Health. From then on IMBP would be the organisation that medically cleared all future cosmonauts. A number of organisations wanted to use this new policy to create their own cosmonaut teams, including TsKBEM, TsKBM (Chelomey's bureau), IMBP, Paton Institute and other organisations. This structure took time to put together and it took almost a year before the first selections were made. In the mean time, Anokhin brought in three more engineer `testers' on 18 August 1967. They were Vladimir Nikitskiy, Viktor Patsayev and Valeriy Yazdovskiy. The Soviets started to operate the new system of putting potential cosmonauts before the Medical Commission (GMK) on 30 November 1967, when three men were put forward. The first meeting of the State Commission was on 27 May 1968, although it did not meet again until March 1972. The full list of candidates, their affiliation and dates appears as Appendix 4. The structure of the organisation of cosmonaut selection and training within Energiya has always been very difficult to track. The controlling department, number 29, is called the Flight Test Department and has at least three groups under its management (currently departments 291, 292 and 293). The flight test service has as its staff both flown and unflown current cosmonauts, and a number of testers and engineers who have been identified in some cases as potential cosmonauts. The Flight Test Department is currently headed by ex-cosmonaut Aleksandr Aleksan- drov. Department 291 is the Energiya cosmonaut team, which also has two other Engineers in space 149
The Soyuz 11 crew in front of a Soyuz simulator. from left) Energiya engineers Viktor Patsayev and Vladislav Volkov, with Air Force commander Georgiy Dobrovolskiy departments that support cosmonaut training; flight documentation and EVA operations, each with its own group of engineers and specialists. A number of these men were and are potential cosmonaut candidates and have been described as such in the press, but a number who have died while undertaking training have also been identified in the Soviet press as cosmonauts or trainees. This is not an accurate description and has caused confusion for those trying to track the make up of the team. TsUP, the mission control centre, is also located at Korolyov. It is another department responsible to Aleksandrov and another source for potential cosmo- nauts. In May 1968, the first official order from MOM, signed by Sergey Afanasyev, authorised the first civilian cosmonaut team. There were eleven in all, with nine from TsKBEM and one, Vladimir Fartushniy, from Paton Institute (see Other Cosmonaut Selections on page 176). The other person was Feoktistov, who was not a formal member of the TsKBEM team even though he was designated a cosmonaut. The nine from TsKBEM were Volkov, Grechko, Kubasov, Yeliseyev, Makarov, Patsayev, Rukavishnikov, Sevastyanov and Yazdovskiy. Four other candidates ± Anokhin, Dolgopolov, Nikitskiy and Bugrov ± had been stood down due to health problems. 150 The Cosmonaut group of RKK Energiya
The Soyuz T 7 crew in the Mir simulator. (from left) Air Force commander Vladimir Titov and Energiya engineers Aleksandr Serebrov and Gennadiy Strekalov This group formed the core of engineer assignments within the Soyuz and Lunar programmes from 1967 to the mid 1970s. On 30 June 1971, Patsayev and Volkov Download 3,5 Mb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: 
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