Russia's Cosmonauts Inside the Yuri Gagarin Training Center
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candidates for screening. 20 The first group of candidates undertook their medicals on 27 November 1989 and there were 37 candidates in all, including four women. 21 The scheme was highlighted in the press using the slogan `Space to children', as the royalties from published videos and books would be donated to children's health causes. 22 The names of successful candidates began to be published in Moscow newspapers on 28 February 1990 and the six short-listed candidates were selected on 11 May 1990. They were Colonels Aleksandr Andryushkov and Valeriy Baberdin from the military newspaper Krasnaya Zvezda (Red Star); Yuri Krikun, a film director from the Ukrtelfilm Studio in Kiev; Pavel Mukhortov, who wrote for Sovetskaya Molodezh in Riga; Svetlana Omelchenko of Vozdushny Transport based in Moscow; and Valeriy Sharov from Literaturnaya Gazeta, who was their Far East correspondent. The group started their training at the beginning of October 1990 for a flight scheduled for 1992, which was the United Nations' International Year of Space. 23 A number of articles appeared about their training, written by the candidates. This gave western observers a real insight into their training and how OKP worked in the Russian space programme. They took their examinations at the end of January 1991 at the Cosmonaut Training Centre (with Baberdin and Omelchenko achieving straight `As' in all the subjects) and completed their basic training on 7 February 1992, graduating as cosmonaut researchers. 24 Due to the fall of the Soviet Union, it became obvious that there would be no finance to fly the mission. Krikun, who was a Ukrainian, did have a possibility of a flight on an all-Ukrainian crew to look at the effects of the Chernobyl accident and this did dominate the space news for a while after the break up of the Soviet Union. Kadenyuk was another possible candidate, but it would seem that it was not a serious venture and never got off the drawing board. They all went back to their journalist and TV careers and their mission never occurred. Ironically, the flight of the Japanese TV journalist occurred in 1991 on board Soyuz T 11, while they were still in training. Baberdin died on 2 October 2003. 25 178 Other Soviet and Russian cosmonaut selections 1990: The selection on behalf of Zvezda The Research and Development and Production enterprise, `Zvezda', was established in 1952. It is based in Moscow and is the design bureau responsible for the design and construction of space suits since the early 1960s. They have designed all the suits used in the programme, including the lunar suits, and they have also built the `Orlan' design EVA suits (which are based on the lunar suit), the MMUs used on Mir, and the SAFER system which will be used on ISS in the future. They are also famous for their work on ejector seats and designed the ones which would have been used on Buran. This work has been performed under the supervision of Gay Severin, who is the General Director and designer. 30 On 11 May 1990, the GMVK selected Vladimir Severin as a cosmonaut. He was the son of the Chief Designer and a representative of the bureau, as well as an engineer with a background as a test engineer within the bureau. He undertook his basic training from 1 October 1990 until 6 March 1992, although there is no indication that he trained for a specific mission. He did undertake some general training on Mir systems, but stood down in 1995 when the cosmonaut team was halved. After he left the team, he was made a Hero of the Russian Federation on 21 June 1996, which was awarded for his work on testing the ejector seat for the newly constructed Su 29KS sports plane. The SKS 94 system has been installed in the new generation of sports plane. 27 1990: Kazakhstan space The Baykonur launch site is located in the autonomous republic of Kazakhstan. Since the flight of Gagarin, though a number of cosmonauts launched into space had been born in Kazakhstan, all had flown as ethnic Russians, not ethnic Kazakhs. The Russian space authorities entered into an agreement with the President of Kazakhstan, Nursultan Abishevich Nazarbayev, to fly an ethnic Kazakh into space on a Soyuz to the Mir station, and two candidates were selected. On 11 May 1990, Talgat Musabayev passed the State Commission. He was a civilian airline pilot but was also a Master of Sport in aerobatic flying and a member of the Soviet team, and had won the USSR's aerobatics championship in 1983. In March 1991, he transferred to the Russian Air Force team. The second candidate arrived at Star City on 21 January 1991. Toktar Aubakirov was one of the most famous test pilots in the Soviet Union. For testing the MiG 29 and Su 27 supersonic fighters, he had been awarded the title of Hero of the Soviet Union on 31 October 1988, and in 1990, he was given the award of Meritorious Test Pilot of the Soviet Union. 28 Aubakirov was assigned as a researcher on a visiting mission crew alongside Korzun and Aleksandrov, with Musabayev as his back-up, paired with Tsibliyev and Laveykin. On 15 July 1991, this mission was cancelled due to budget problems. The new crew alongside Aubakirov would be Alexandr Volkov and Austrian researcher ViehboÈck, who were confirmed on 10 August. The mission flew on 2 October 1991, lasting seven days, and on 11 October, Aubakirov was awarded the title of Pilot Cosmonaut of the USSR. He became Cosmonaut No. 72 and the last from the Soviet Union, which broke up just weeks later. Aubakirov also became Cosmonaut No. 1 for the new Kazakhstan Republic. He later became a deputy Minister of Other cosmonaut selections 1964±2005 179
Defence and then head of the Kazakh Space Research Agency and a deputy in the Parliament. In 1994, he became a Major-General and was made a Hero of the Republic of Kazakhstan. Currently, he is the advisor to the President for Aviation and Space Exploration. 29 Musabayev remained part of the cosmonaut team of Russia and flew three missions to Mir and ISS. He currently has the rank of Major-General and was also awarded the title of Cosmonaut No. 2 of the Kazakhstan Republic. 1996: The cosmonaut corps of the space rocket military forces The Rocket Forces (VKS) wanted to include their own representative in the cosmonaut team. Lt-Colonel Yuri Shargin passed the GMVK on 9 February 1996 and started his basic training on 3 June 1996. Shargin had been assigned, prior to his selection, as commander of the 1382nd military representative office group to Energiya RSC and had been based at the Baykonur cosmodrome for a number of years. He was the commander of this group of candidate cosmonauts, completing training on 20 March 1998, and was assigned as a cosmonaut tester of the Central Test and Control Office for the Space Rocket Military Forces. 30 Soon after completing his basic training, Shargin was assigned as the back-up to Baturin for his flight on TM 28, but was replaced by Kotov in late May when he failed a medical. On 2 September 1998, he transferred from the Rocket Forces to the Air Force and was incorporated into the TsPK team. Then, on 28 December 2001, he transferred back to the Rocket Forces. It is not clear why these two transfers were made. In 2004, he was assigned to the third seat on board Soyuz TMA 5 with Sharipov and Chiao. The mission launched on 14 October 2004. 1996: TsSKB-Progress at Samara Oleg Kononenko passed the GMVK on 9 February 1996, as a cosmonaut candidate for the State Scientific Industrial Rocket and Space Centre, TsSKB-Progress. He started basic training on 3 June 1996 and completed OKP on 20 March 1998. On 5 January 1999, he transferred formally to Energiya and joined their cosmonaut team. For more details see the selection of cosmonauts Energiya on page 147. 1997: Khrunichev State Scientific Production Centre The Khrunichev State Scientific Production Centre has been responsible for the design and construction of the Proton booster and the modules used on Salyut, Mir and ISS. It has been at the forefront of the development of human space flight and for some years they have been trying to get one of their engineers aboard a mission to a station. On 16 June 1992, the main Medical Commission (GMK) passed Sergey Moshchenko as a prospective cosmonaut and in February 1997, he passed the GMVK. He was selected as a test cosmonaut candidate for the Khrunichev Centre Cosmonaut Office and started his basic training at the training centre on 16 January 1998, completing it on 1 December 1999. He was assigned to a long duration expedition mission to ISS and was paired with Malenchenko and Lu on ISS-7. He was removed from the crew in October 2002 because he was having problems with the training regime. Ironically, he would have lost his seat anyway due to the crewing 180 Other Soviet and Russian cosmonaut selections changes post-Columbia (STS-107), when they moved to two-person crews. He remains an active cosmonaut and is available for future missions. 31 1997: Representative of the President Yuri Baturin was an advisor to President Boris Yeltsin. He passed OKP on 17 February 1998 and was attached to the Air Force group for administration purposes. He was assigned to a mission to the Mir station as a researcher and flew on TM 28 with Padalka and Avdeyev. On his return, he was awarded the title Pilot Cosmonaut of the Russian Federation on 25 December 1998. In 2001 he was assigned to his second flight, TM 32, and flew with Musabayev and Tito to ISS. He was awarded the title Hero of the Russian Federation on 28 September 2001 and remains an active cosmonaut. 1997±2000: the film project In December 1997, came the first reports of film director Yuri Kara's desire to make a feature film using the Mir space station. The story line was that in 1999, the Russians were going to abandon Mir, but one cosmonaut refuses to leave and says he will orbit the Earth for the rest of his days. The controllers decide to send a female cosmonaut up to the station to lure him back. The cost of the project was estimated at around US$ 20 million and the film would be called `The Mark of Cassandra', as it was based on a novel of the same name by Chingiz Aitmatov. They had identified three actors to play the parts: Vladimir Steklov, Nataliya Gramushkina (who was 22 and a recent drama school graduate) and Olga Kabo. 32 By 1999 it was decided that only one actor would fly to Mir, to play the renegade cosmonaut. The scenes involving other actors would be shot on the ground and in transport aircraft in free- fall mode. 33 In April 1999, an agreement was signed between the training centre and the State Committee on Cinematography to train actor Vladimir Steklov, starting on 1 July. He was introduced to his trainers on 7 June and was scheduled to undertake a six- month training programme. The female cosmonaut would now be played by Masha Shukshina and there are pictures of her undertaking sea training in the Black Sea. Steklov did his sea training with Sergey Volkov and US astronaut Joan Higginbotham. 34 In January 2000, the issue of finance was still the major block to the mission. The main crew of Zalyotin and Kaleri, who would be the last crew on Mir, were only a couple of months away from their launch and a crew picture had been taken that included Steklov. It became clear that no state funding would be available to support the mission, but there were rumours that a Virgin Island venture capital company was interested. By now, the title of the film had also changed to `The Final Journey'. 35 Steklov passed his medical at Star City on 26 February, as mission planners wanted to take the project to the wire, but he had no back-up. 36 On 16 March, it was decided to remove Steklov from the crew as no money was forthcoming and the crew was due to leave for Baykonur for their pre-launch tests a couple of days later. A spokesperson for the Russian Aerospace Agency said that Steklov, `will not go Other cosmonaut selections 1964±2005 181
to Mir as earlier planned because of a failure to meet the terms of the contract.' The producers of the movie claimed that the initial payment to get the project underway had been made, but Russian space officials complained that they had not even been paid for Steklov's training, let alone the multi-million dollar bill for the flight. This was the end of the project, because in early April, the Soyuz TM 30 craft blasted off for the last flight to Mir with only a two-person crew on board. 41 Selections since 2000 Since the Steklov selection, a number of other individuals that were not attached to formal groups have passed the Medical Commission. One long-standing candidate is Yuri Loktionov, who has passed GMK but has been passed over on a number of occasions by the GMVK because he is having medical problems. Another candidate is Sergey Zhukov, who is General Director of the ZAO `Centre for Technology Transfer', which is part of Rosaviakosmos. ZAO works on patent licence work and the commercialisation of the results of scientific and technical activities. Zhukov passed the Commission on 31 May 2002 and was included in the 2003 selection when he passed the GMVK on 29 May 2003. He is currently doing his basic training, which should be completed in 2005. Sergey Polonskiy is the general director of the Moscow branch of OAO `Stroymontazh', which is a very large building firm in Russia. He passed the commission on 12 September 2002 and was considered for the 2003 selection, but was not passed by the State Commission. When the Russians had a vacancy for a `tourist' flight in October 2004, Polonskiy offered up to US$ 5 million to fly, but was turned down. He had trained in Moscow and in Houston and was the first millionaire Russian to be considered for a flight. REFERENCES 1 The Selection of Cosmonauts, JBIS, 50, 1997, pp 311 -316, Sergey Shamsutdinov 2 Red Star, 5 April 1988, Voskhod candidates, by Tyulin, a famous space administrator; Kamanin Diaries, 1 September 1965 3 Michael Cassutt, 7 February 1993 correspondence; Selection of Cosmonauts, already cited 4 Letter dated 12 December 1991 to Boris Yesin 6 Russian Science Cosmonauts, Spaceflight, 38, November 1996, by Igor Marinin and Igor Lissov 6 Experiment RISK, Vitaliy Volovich, Progress Publishers 1986 7 Novosti Kosmonavtiki number 22, 1993; Directory of the Russian Space Industry, 1993 8 Interview with Ilyin by Hall and Vis, IMBP 2001 9 Cosmonauts Number Zero, Nina Chugunova, The Bulletin of Atomic Scientists, May-June 1994
10 A year aboard a spaceship, Bozhko and Gorodinskaya, 1969 11 Izvestia, 30 August 1988, Cosmonaut Physician Polyakov's roles during planned stay on Mir 12 Interview with Galina Amelkina, Hall and Vis, August 2004 13 Meditsinskaya Gazeta, January 1988 No 5, Atkov's work in space noted 182 Other Soviet and Russian cosmonaut selections
14 Zemlya I Vselennaya, No 6 Nov-Dec 1990, pp 32±36; Izvestia, 30 August 1990; Presentation at BIS HQ in 2001; Spaceflight News, August 1990, interviews at the ASE in Holland 15 Moscow Radio, 6 Jan 1994, reported by the BBC 16 The difficult Road to Space, V. Romanov, Tribune Internal Publications Mashinos- troyeniya; The History of the Group of Cosmonaut testers of TsKBM (NPO Mashinostroyeniya); Novosti Kosmonavtiki No 12, 2000, p 78, Almaz cosmonauts, Shamsutdinov; Chelomey's cosmonauts: Why there are no crews from NPO Mashinos- troyeniya in Outer Space, Nina Chugunova, NASA translation TT 21771 17 Soviet and Russian Cosmonauts 1960 ± 2000, Novosti Kosmonavtiki 2001; Kamanin Diaries 1964±1966, Bart Hendrickx, JBIS, 51, 413±440 18 Komsomolskaya Pravda, 30 March 1989 by Golovanov; Letter to Bert Vis, 25 December 1990; Obituary of Golovanov, Novosti Kosmonavtiki, July 2003 19 Novosti Kosmonavtiki, Soviet and Russian Cosmonauts 1960±2000 in Russian; Interview with Oleg Atkov, Bert Vis, 9 June 1991 transcript; Meditsinskaya Gazeta, 15 January 1988 20 Pravda, 6 April 1989 21 TASS, 23 November 1989 and 30 November 1989 22 TASS, 27 Nov 1989 23 TASS, 2 October 1990 24 Red Star, 26 July 1991, 27 July 1991, 31 August 1991, 11 September 1991 Krikun diary, published in Soviet Soldier; Svetlana's story, Colin Burgess, Spaceflight, 44, July 2002 25 Radio Kiev, 13 November 1991 26 Russian Space Suits, Abramov and Skoog, Springer-Praxis 2003 27 Novosti Kosmonavtiki, 12±13, 1996, p 4; Aerospace Journal, July-August 1996 28 Kazakhstanskaye Pravda, 19 January and 12 April 1991; Rabochaya Tribuna, 21 February 1991
29 Nezavisimaya Gazeta, 4 August 1992; Red Star, 13 January 1993; Moscow radio, 27 February 1993; Red Star, 4 March 1995; Moscow Interfax, 8 July 1999; Biography of Aubakirov, Heroes of the Soviet Union web site, www.warheros.ru 30 Aerospace Journal, 11/12 1996; Biography, www.gctc.ru 31 NASA biography, dated February 2001 32 Reuters, 22 December 1997; Associated Press, 22 December 1997 33 Associated Press, 26 June 1999 34 Novosti Kosmonavtiki, emails from Igor Lissov, dated 30 April and 18 June 1999; Novosti Kosmonavtiki, October 1999 35 Florida Today, 13 January 2000; 17 January 2000 36 RIA news agency, 26 February 2000 37 Associated Press, 16 March 2000 References 183
Cosmonauts selected to fly the Buran Shuttle The construction of Buran was started in the mid 1970s. The Soviet authorities decided to put Buran testing in the hands of the pilots of LII, which consisted of a large group of civilian pilots and engineers with a long history of successful testing and development of all types of aircraft. The operational missions, however, would be given to Air Force test pilots based at the Air Force Test Pilot School at Akhtubinsk, although military pilots were not expected to fly the Buran before 1985. These decisions led to the creation of two more cosmonaut groups. THE STATE SCIENTIFIC TEST RED BANNER INSTITUTE NAMED FOR CHKALOV (GKNII VVS) The Council of Ministers approved the development of the Buran programme and the Soviet Air Force selected nine pilots in 1976 as potential candidates to fly Buran operationally. This group was assigned to the Chkalovskiy Test Pilot School at Akhtubinsk. The pool of pilots was very small but it also became clear that the Buran system needed test flying, so it was agreed to select a group of very experienced test pilots to work with colleagues from LII. In May 1977, the nine trainee cosmonauts graduated from test pilot school ranked as test pilot third class and were assigned to the Cosmonaut Training Centre for two years of basic training. In 1978 when the Air Force tried again, they found only two acceptable candidates to start test pilot training. They would also be assigned to the training centre when they graduated from the test pilot school. All these men were eventually transferred to space station operations. In 1978, the Ministry of Defence decided to recruit their team to fly the Buran system and on 1 December 1978, six very experienced test pilots were selected. They were Colonel Ivan Bachurin, the group's commander, and Lt-Colonels Aleksey Boroday, Viktor Chirkin, Nail Sattarov, Vladimir Mosolov and Anatoliy Sokovykh. They started their basic training course, which was evenly divided between the test pilot school and the Cosmonaut Training Centre at Star City. Two other short-listed candidates were considered for this selection. One was Vladimir Gorbunov, who turned down the opportunity. He was involved in testing the MiG 29 and went on to have an illustrious career as a test pilot at the Mikoyan design bureau, including being awarded a Hero's star in 1992. The other candidate was a pilot called Oleynikov. This selection meant that the 1976 group of pilots (who were designated test cosmonauts in 1979) were not all needed for Buran immediately. Two were assigned permanently to Star City to work on Almaz, while six others were assigned to flight test work relating to Buran. They were Nikolay Moskalenko, Anatoliy Solovyov, Yevgeniy Saley, Leonid Ivanov, Leonid Kadenyuk and Aleksandr Volkov. The ninth, Sergey Protchenko, was dismissed for medical reasons. He remains working as a test pilot. On 23 October 1980, Ivanov was killed while test flying a MiG 23 and Sattarov left the team in May 1980 after performing an unauthorised barrel roll in a Tupolev 134. In 1981, Chirkin withdrew from the team, because he did not believe that the Buran would ever fly and wanted to pursue his test flying career. He was testing the SU 27 aircraft. On 12 February 1982, the four remaining VVS test pilots, Bachurin, Boroday, Mosolov and Sokovykh, were registered as test cosmonauts. In 1982, Bachurin became a Merited Test Pilot of the USSR and in 1983, Solovyov, Volkov, Saley and Moskalenko reported full time to Star City as potential commanders of Soyuz T missions. Kadenyuk was removed from the cosmonaut team due to his divorce, but he remained at the flight test centre as a test pilot. The next group of Air Force pilots was selected for the programme by the GMVK. They were Colonel Viktor Afanasyev and Lt-Colonels Anatoliy Artse- barskiy and Gennadiy Manakov, who started formal basic training at the Cosmonaut Training Centre. Due to an incident which resulted in a major accident, Sokovykh was removed from the team and later, in August 1987, Mosolov was removed from the team following his divorce. This coincided with the formation of Download 3.5 Mb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
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