Samarqand davlat chet tillar instituti ingliz tili II fakulteti ingliz tili nazariyasi va adabiyoti kafedrasi

New School--1900s and 2000s Through Today
Throughout the 20th century, rhetoric developed as a concentrated field of study with the establishment of rhetorical courses in high schools and universities. Courses such as public speaking and speech analysis apply fundamental Greek theories (such as the modes of persuasion: ethos, pathos, and logos as well as trace rhetorical development throughout the course of history. 1960’s and 70’s saw renewed emphasis and focus on the works of those from the Classical Period. Thus, the 60’s and 70’s worked to bridge together the old and new school of Communication study for the first time. Communication departments had professors who studied and taught classical rhetoric, contemporary rhetoric, along with empirical and qualitative social science.
History and importance of public communication
Public communication or most likely speaking exists since the beginning of time. Literally spoken, the man has the desire to communicate political and social issues and that's a component of our interaction between different type of people since the ancient civilizations, being one of the oldest forms of communication, as well as the first known mass communication process brought to existence. Later on, when a number of individuals from different families formed a complete unit in a composition, a clan or a tribe, still recognized the status and command of their leader. Drama is one of the aspects which influenced most of the primitive communities, as well as entertainment and religion through oral way. During this time, extremely well-organized associations and different type of parties discuss all the matters together for a particular purpose.
All the important epochs of the world's progress express the importance of speech upon the action of a particular or multiple groups of individuals. Beyond the rectangular public space known as Roman Forum, which represents a great social significance , speeches were made public and were affecting the entire ancient world. Taking a look back at Renaissance Italy, imperial Spain, unwieldy Russia, freedom loving England, revolutionary France, we can notice that all experienced periods when the power of certain men to communicate stirred other men into tempestuous action.
The uninterrupted influence of exceptional speakers upon others can be also found in the history of United States. Most of the colonists were led to actions accomplished together by the power of persuasive speeches. The Colonial Congresses and Constitutional Convention were also ruled by capable and skilled individuals in public speech. The well-known speeches and debates seem to be the main issue of slavery. Almost all the representative Americans such as presidents had the function of a leader most likely because their impressive and outstanding qualifications when it comes up to expressing feelings which everyone would like to hear about. Throughout the Great War, millions of the world were not worried just about the fact what their leaders were saying, but what actions their other leaders were taking into consideration.
There is no particular looks of modern life in which the spoken work is not given a great significant importance. Leaders and affiliates of the world nations decided upon a peace treaty and deliberating upon a League of Nations sway and are swayed by speech. National meetings named new ones of early nations to the century old organizations speak, and listen to speeches. In state legislatures, municipal councils, law courts, religious organizations, theaters, lodges, societies, boards of directors, stockholders' meetings, business discussions, classrooms, dinner parties, social functions, friendly calls in every human relationship where two individuals meet there is communication by means of speech.
History of Public Speaking
As in day to day conversation, being funny in public speaking is a great skill to possess. It has a number of benefits for the speaker in helping to win over your audience. And in certain circumstances it is expected, e.g. after dinner speeches the audience wants light relief rather than a deep discussion.However, if you are not comfortable in using humor in your speech, it can still be an interesting and informative for your listeners. It is important to note the reason you were invited to speak - your expertise and to deliver a speech on a subject that will be of interest to the audience. If they had wanted to be entertained they would have invited an entertainer.
For a speech to be successful the following ingredients are required:-- Know you subject in depth. Become an expert in your subject by drawing on your own experience and researching other sources. Your audience can tell when you have a shallow understanding of your subject. A deep understanding of your subject builds confidence.- Know your listener's wants, expectations and their background. This knowledge is vital when preparing your speech - different audiences will require different approaches to the delivery of your speech e.g. a
professional organisation will probably require a different presentation to one given to a sales convention- Be thoroughly prepared.
Prepare a detailed outline of your speech. Then practice until you are confident about delivering your speech. If possible practice your delivery in front of your family and friends. Ask for feedback and incorporate any improvements into your speech. Thorough preparation is key to the confident and successful delivery of your speech.- Your language and delivery should be conversational in style. This is more likely to happen when you talk from an outline rather than reading your speech, or where you have memorized the speech. A memorized speech or one read maybe stilted and be in the language of print rather than that used in everyday conversation. Your audience will relate more to day to day language than fancy language. It is the language they use every day. But in your first appearances it can be easier to read or memorize your speech and alter the language to that of spoken rather than written language.- Be interested and enthusiastic about the topic you are speaking about.
The interest and enthusiasm you demonstrate will win your audience over.In conclusion you do not have to be funny to be successful in public speaking. Public speaking is about the effective communication of ideas to your listener. Humor can make that easier but it is not essential. A well delivered speech that is interesting and informative can be as effective as one delivered with humor.
Some of the Greatest Public Speakers in History
Oratory was always viewed as the natural skill of a leader as it connects a true leader with the greater masses and thus we find in the history of mankind a number of great leaders who had a natural ability to sway the public with their glaring rhetoric and mobilized the whole nation in the path of greater and nobler goals. Speech was their mouthpiece to reach out to the people and unite them for the causes of society and the nation. The politicians like Abraham Lincoln, Hitler or Charles De Gaulle used their fine oratory skills to redefine the fate of their nations. History is full of evidences where public speaking was used as a weapon to ignite group consciousness and waging battles to win the human rights.
Martin Luther King, Jrs inspirational speeches created the same impact for the emancipation of African Americans in the USA as the non-violence preaching of Gandhi did for the winning of independence by the Indian people from British Government. Thus rhetoric has always been regarded as the deciding factor of history and the individuals who used this tool to spread their views among general masses always occupied a special place not only in the pages of historical chronicles, also in the hearts of the people for many generations.
If we trace the etymological origin, we can see that the word, orator was a derivative of the Latin word for speaker oro, meaning "I speak" or "I pray". While in modern sense of the term the word orator simply means the art of public speaking, in more refined sense it refers to a skill that is exercised on special occasions and delivered in a rather elaborate and ostentatious manner. Then rhetoric is another word that closely relates to public speaking which derives its origin from a Greek word, Rhetor that is used to refer to a wonderful speech.
Oratory or rhetoric, any way you choose to describe this astounding art of public speaking was believed to originate in ancient Rome where Ars Oratoria or the art of speaking in public was regarded as an essential professional qualification of politicians and lawyers. It was taught by the Sophists. But it was the Greek who were believed to truly master the art of public speaking and as a result the children from the aristocratic Roman families were packed off to Rome to train themselves in this art. The ancient and Medieval Greece and Rome thus became the breeding ground of the orators, whose speeches are still consulted by the modern aspiring public speakers to learn the nuances of public speaking. Demosthenes, Cicero, Marcus Porcius Cato, Marcus Licinius Crassus, Paul of Tarsos, Peter the Hermitall belonged to this genre of early public speakers.
In latter course of history, Aristotle and Quintilian developed a theory of rhetoric that divided this art into three major categories: 1. Deliberativeto convince the audience on certain matters; (b) forensicto make the audience agree or disagree on certain matters; (c) epideicticdisplay rhetoric to deliver for ceremonial purposes.
In the middle ages, Rhetoric was an important branch of liberal arts curriculum. The following centuries saw their practical and more significant application in three major areas of public lifepolitics, religion, and law. However till Renaissance, oratory was not independent of the institution of Church and thus it used to be an useful instrument in the hands of those holding high offices of Church to preach the common people about the supremacy of Church over the King. And thus the age produced some of the greatest orators of all time like Martin Luther, John Calvin, and John Knox.
The 18th century Europe witnessed the rise of a new generation of orators like Danton and Mirabeau, or Edmund Burke, Henry Gratten, and Daniel O'Connell who with their erudite rhetoric succeeded in contributing important chapters in the theory of politics and other aspects of public life. The same was contributed by Patrick Henry and James Otis in the United States during this time. However, they were too erudite to connect to the common masses and it was with the emergence of the methodical and evangelical school of orators like John Wesley, George Whitefield, Disraeli, John Bright, Mazzini who with their emotional tones were able to cut a wider mass appeal. Some of the greatest American orators like Abraham Lincoln, Henry Clay, Calhoun, Daniel Webster or Stephen Douglas were believed to be influenced by this school of oratory.
The rhetoric of the twentieth century speakers were famously replete with catch phrases and some of the famous speeches of William Jennings Bryan, Eugene Debs, Susan B. Anthony, Woodrow Wilson, Lenin and Trotsky and David Lloyd George and Winston Churchill reflected this style. During Second World War the burning speeches of Hitler or Mussolini introduced a propagandist style in the art of speech writing. The world leaders and successful men and women in their respective fields in latter course of history, who were respected for their oratory skills are believed to borrow heavily from the style and tradition of the these historical speakers who with mere word power were able to set the course of human history.