Special education the republic of uzbekistan jizzakh branch of the national university of uzbekistan named adter mirzo ulugbek

THE STRUCTURE OF THE WORD: MORPHEMES
INTRODUCTION…………………………………………………………………..
CHAPTER: I

1. 
   Morphemic structure of the word………………………………………………
   

2. Morphological structure of a word. classification of morphemes……………

3. Minimal building blocks: Morphemes……………………………………

CONCLUSION………………………………………………………………………

INTRODUCTION
Knowing words is such an intrinsic part of our knowledge of a language that we osten do not consciously think about how words are created or structured. How- ever, once we take a closer look at words, many questions arise. For instance, what elements does the word antiglobalisation consist of? And can we subdivide the word step into any further parts? In general, how can we analyse the structure of words? Besides, we might ask why some words, such as dishonest, are attested in English, whereas other words, such as honestdis or discar are unattested. In other words, are there any rules that determine possible and impossible combi- nations of elements within words? Another array of questions we might be in- terested in when dealing with words is how we can create new words whenever we need a name for a new object, person, or process. Imagine, for instance, that you need a word to describe the process of removing old shelves from your flat. What word would you use to refer to this process? Unshelfing, shelf-removing, or something else?
There is a special sub-discipline of linguistics that deals with all these ques- tions, morphology, which is the study of the internal structure of words, the rules that govern it, as well as the ways of creating new words. Interestingly, the term ‘morphology’ is originally not a linguistic term. It was invented by Johann Wolfgang von Goethe to designate the study of the structure of living organisms. Linguists borrowed it from biologists in the nineteenth century and used it to denote the study of linguistic ‘organisms’: words.
In the present chapter we will learn the basic notions necessary for the mor- phological analysis of words and take a closer look at different morphological phenomena.
Morphology is the study of structure, or form, or description of word-formation (as inflection, derivation, and compounding) in language and the system of word-forming elements and processes in a language (Webster, p.1170). William O’Grady, John Archibald, Mark Aronoff, and Janie Rees-Miller add that morphology is “the system of categories and rules involved in word-formation and interpretation” (2001, p.720). In morphology, the proper topic of study is the play of prefixes and suffixes or the internal changes within the word, which modify the word’s basic meaning. Modern descriptive linguists prefer such traditional terms as inflectional endings, root, stem, and morpheme. Where the traditional grammar would describe cats as consisting of the root cat and –s as an inflectional plural ending, the modern structural linguist would describe both cat and the ending–s as two different morphemes or units of meaning --one carrying the basic meaning of the word; the other, the accessory notion of plurality. However, a distinction would be set up between the two by labeling cat as a free morpheme, which could be used in isolation, and ending–s as a bound morpheme, which has no separate existence. Bloomfield labeled the meaning of the morpheme a “sememe” (as cited in Chisholm, 1981, p. 16); however, linguists did not study the meaning of a morpheme, so this term was dropped out of usage in linguistics. Bloomfield recognized that the complex meaning in a language is not simply the result of combining morphemes. He called the basic feature of arrangement of morphemes a taxeme (1935, p.116). He believes taxemes are meaningless, if taken in the abstract. Combinations of single taxemes occur as conventional grammatical arrangements, tactic forms (p.116). In a linguistic system, a taxeme is parallel to the phoneme in that neither has a meaning, but each is a minimal form-- a phoneme at the phonological level and a taxeme at the grammatical level.