Special education the republic of uzbekistan jizzakh branch of the national university of uzbekistan named adter mirzo ulugbek

Classifications of M-es
1.Semantic class-tion of M-es. All M-es are subdivided into 2 large classes according to the role they play in constructing Ws:
1)root M-es. They are lexical centres of the Ws,they are basic constituent parts. Ex: London-er,dark-ness.It should be noted that the root in Eng.is very often homonymous(совпадает)with the W itself.Пр:man,dark.
2)affixation M-es (prefixes, suffixes, inflexions).(They have a generalized lexical meaning & the part-of-speech meaning.Пр:-er,-ee,-ist are noun-forming suffixes & have the meaning “doer of an action”. Prefixes and lexical suffixes have word-building functions, together with the root they form the stem of the word; inflexions (окончания) (grammatical suffixes) express different morphological categories. /// The auxiliary (вспомогательное) word – morphemes should be interpreted as ‘semi-bound’ morphemes as they form categorial unities with their notional stem-words. E.g. has come.)
The abstract complete morphemic model of the common English word: prefix + root + lexical suffix + grammatical suffix.
2.Structural class-tion:
1)free M-es.A form may stand alone without changing its meaning.Пр:sportive в значении игривый(морфема свободно употр-ся в речи.Because it can occur alone).
2)bound M-es.Пр:elligant(cause it cant occur alone)
3)semy-bound.They can function both as an affix & as a free M.Пр:to do well(free M)-well-known(bound M).
Affixation(derivation) is the formation of new Ws by adding derivational affixes to different types of stems.Affixes(prefixes & suffixes)are derivational M-es.They are used to form new Ws which consists of a root & a prefix or a suffix or both are called derived words. The part of a W consisting of a root & an affix is called a stem.

MINIMAL BUILDING BLOCKS: MORPHEMES

We have mentioned above that morphology deals with the internal structure of words. But how can we analyse this internal structure? And what are the ele- ments words can consist of? We will deal with these questions below.
If we asked you to determine intuitively the structure of the word dreamless, you most likely would say that it consists of two parts, dream and -less. But what about dream? Again, quite intuitively, you would say that this word cannot be subdivided into further parts. But why not? Why don’t we say, for instance, that the word dream can be subdivided in the following way:
(1) [d-ɹ-iː-m]
We might say that the subdivision in (1) deals with sounds, and therefore is of in- terest for phonology or phonetics, but not for morphology. Indeed, we should not confuse the morphological structure of words with their phonetic or phonological structure. But what is the difference between morphological and phonological or phonetic structure? This will become clear if you compare the division you made for dreamless and the division in (1). You will agree that the two analyses are fundamentally different. But why? The matter is that the elements dream and
-less are meaningful, i.e. they have a certain meaning. For instance, dream means ‘a series of images appearing in the mind during sleep’ and -less means ‘without’. By contrast, the separate sounds [d], [ɹ], [iː] and [m] do not have any meaning. Re- markably, the same holds for any other subdivision of this word, as the examples in (2) show.

2. 
   a. [dɹiː-m]
   

b. [dɹ-iː-m]
c. [dɹ-iːm]
Obviously, even the sound combinations in (2) cannot be regarded as meaningful units. Indeed, in the word dream only the whole unit, [dɹiːm], has a meaning, ‘a series of images appearing in the mind during sleep’. We can say that morphology deals with the analysis of words into meaningful units.
The generalisation that emerges from the discussion above is that words can be analysed into meaningful units. Such meaningful units are called