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SPRITE CHART

• SPRITE CHART

• CURRENT EVENTS

WORD OF THE DAY

• WORD OF THE DAY

• FRAYER MODEL

• SQUALID – PG. 370

• APPEASE – PG. 375

• GOAD – PG. 381

• CONDEMN – PG. 390

WARM UPS

• WARM UPS

• HOW WERE ADULT AND CHILD FACTORY WORKERS DISCIPLINED?

• WHAT WAS THE PRINCIPLE OF LEGITIMACY?

• HOW DID GIUSEPPE GARIBALDI CONTRIBUTE TO ITALIAN UNIFICATION?

• WHAT FACTORS HELPED TO PRODUCE THE MOVEMENT KNOWN AS REALISM?

THE INDUSTRIAL REV IN GREAT BRITAIN

• THE INDUSTRIAL REV IN GREAT BRITAIN

• BEGAN IN GREAT BRITAIN

• 1780S

• IT SPREAD OVER DECADES

• WHY WAS GREAT BRITAIN THE STARTING POINT?

• 1ST – AGRICULTURE

• A. EXPANSION OF FARMLAND

• B. GOOD WEATHER

• C. IMPROVED TRANSPORTATION

• D.NEW CROPS – POTATO – LED TO AN INCREASED FOOD SUPPLY

2ND – BECAUSE OF AN ABUNDANT FOOD SUPPLY – THE POPULATION GREW

• 2ND – BECAUSE OF AN ABUNDANT FOOD SUPPLY – THE POPULATION GREW

• ENCLOSURE MOVEMENT – WHEN LANDOWNERS CONVERTED THEIR ESTATES INTO SHEEP FARMS BY ENCLOSING THEIR LAND AND EVICTING THEIR TENANTS

• *AFTER THIS MANY PEASANTS WERE FORCED TO MOVE TO TOWNS AND WORK IN THE NEW FACTORIES

3RD – READY SUPPLY OF MONEY OR CAPITAL TO INVEST IN THE MACHINERY AND FACTORIES

• 3RD – READY SUPPLY OF MONEY OR CAPITAL TO INVEST IN THE MACHINERY AND FACTORIES

• ENTREPRENEURS – WEALTHY AND LOOKING FOR NEW BUSINESS OPPORTUNITES TO MAKE MORE MONEY

• 4TH – PLENTY OF NATURAL RESOURCES

• *RIVERS – WATER POWER AND TRANSPORT

• *ABUNDANT SUPPLIES OF COAL AND IRON ORE – ESSENTIAL FOR MANUFACTURING

5TH – A READY SUPPLY OF MARKETS/OUTLETS

• 5TH – A READY SUPPLY OF MARKETS/OUTLETS

• BRITISH SHIPS COULD SHIP GOODS

• THERE WAS A HIGH DEMAND FOR COTTON CLOTH

• CHANGES IN COTTON PRODUCTION

• MANUFACTURING COTTON CLOTH WAS A 2 STEP PROCESS

• 1ST – SPINNERS MADE COTTON THREAD FROM RAW COTTON

• 2ND – WEAVERS WOVE THREAD INTO CLOTH ON LOOMS

THESE TASKS WERE DONE BY INDIVIDUALS IN THEIR HOMES – COTTAGE INDUSTRY

• THESE TASKS WERE DONE BY INDIVIDUALS IN THEIR HOMES – COTTAGE INDUSTRY

• TECHNOLOGICAL ADVANCES MADE THIS HOME PRODUCTION INEFFICIENT

• JOHN KAY -FLYING SHUTTLE – MADE WEAVING FASTER

• NOW THREAD WAS NEEDED FASTER

• 1764 – JAMES HARGREAVES – SPINNING JENNY

• EDMUND CARTWRIGHT 1787 – WATER-POWERED LOOM – MADE WEAVING FASTER

• NOW MORE FACTORIES ARE BEING CREATED NEAR WATER SOURCES

• THIS PROMPTED FACTORY OWNERS TO MOVE WORKERS FROM THEIR HOMES TO THE MACHINES

JOHN KAY JAMES HARGREAVES EDMUND CARTWRIGHT

• JOHN KAY JAMES HARGREAVES EDMUND CARTWRIGHT

JAMES WATT – SCOTTISH ENGINEER WHO IMPROVED THE STEAM ENGINE

• JAMES WATT – SCOTTISH ENGINEER WHO IMPROVED THE STEAM ENGINE

• THESE ENGINES WERE POWERED BY COAL,

• NOW IT IS UNNECESSARY FOR FACTORIES TO BE BUILT BY WATER

• BRITAIN’S COTTON PRODUCTION STEADILY INCREASED

• 1840 – 366 MILLION POUNDS OF COTTON WERE IMPORTED EACH YEAR

• COTTON CLOTH WAS BRITAIN’S MOST VALUABLE PRODUCT

THE COAL AND IRON INDUSTRIES

• THE COAL AND IRON INDUSTRIES

• SINCE STEAM ENGINES RAN BY COAL, THE PRODUCTION OF COAL BECAME A NECESSITY

• SO NOW YOU HAVE THE COAL INDUSTRY AND THIS LED TO THE IRON INDUSTRY

• IRON PRODUCTION INCREASED

• A BETTER QUALITY OF IRON WAS PRODUCED THROUGH PUDDLING – HENRY CORT

• BY 1852 BRITAIN PRODUCED MORE IRON THAN THE REST OF THE WORLD COMBINED - 70 MILLION TONS

• SO WHAT DID THEY DO WITH ALL OF THIS IRON?

• NEW MACHINES AND TRANSPORTATION

RAILROADS

• RAILROADS

• ALL WEATHER ROADS IMPROVED BUT

• 1804 – 1ST STEAM-POWERED LOCOMOTIVE RAN ON AN INDUSTRIAL RAIL LINE – 70 PEOPLE 5MPH

• *ROCKET – USED ON THE 1ST PUBLIC RAILWAY LINE – 1830 EXTENDED FROM LIVERPOOL TO MANCHESTER – 16MPH

• RAILWAYS CONTINUED TO GROW

• WITHIN 20 YEARS LOCOMOTIVES - 50 MPH

• THIS GAVE JOBS TO PEASANTS AND FARM LABORERS

• INEXPENSIVE MEANS OF TRANSPORTATION – LOWER PRICED GOODS

• WHAT AFFECT DID THIS HAVE ON THE FACTORY?

TREVITHICK’S TRAMROAD LOCOMOTIVE THE ROCKET

• TREVITHICK’S TRAMROAD LOCOMOTIVE THE ROCKET

NEW FACTORIES

• NEW FACTORIES

• FACTORY OWNERS WANTED THEIR MACHINES RUNNING CONSTANTLY

• FACTORY OWNERS HAD TO PUSH THE WORKERS TO WORK REGULARLY DOING JOBS REPEATEDLY

• HOW WAS THIS ENFORCED?

• ADULTS WORKERS – FINED FOR BEING LATE – DISMISSED FOR SERIOUS OFFENSES

• CHILDREN - BEATEN

THE SPREAD OF INDUSTRIALIZATION

• THE SPREAD OF INDUSTRIALIZATION

• MID 19TH CENTURY – GREAT BRITAIN THE WORLD’S FIRST AND RICHES INDUSTRIAL NATION

• EUROPE – BELGIUM, FRANCE, GERMAN STATES INDUSTRIALIZED 1ST

• THE GOV SUPPORTED THIS AND PROVIDED FUNDS FOR ROADS, CANALS, AND RAILWAYS

NORTH AMERICA

• NORTH AMERICA

• U.S. BECOMES INDUSTRIALIZED

• 1800 – 6 OUT OF EVERY 7 AMERICAN

• WORKERS WERE FARMERS

• NO CITIES OVER 100,000 PEOPLE

• 1800 TO 1860 – POPULATION GREW FROM ABOUT 5 MILLION TO 30,000 MILLION

• CITIES GREW

• 9 WITH POPULATIONS OVER 100,000

• ONLY 50% OF THE WORKERS WERE FARMERS

WITH GROWTH IN POPULATION AND GOODS, MORE AND BETTER TRANSPORTATION WAS NEEDED

• WITH GROWTH IN POPULATION AND GOODS, MORE AND BETTER TRANSPORTATION WAS NEEDED

• IMPROVED ROADS, BUILT CANALS

• ROBERT FULTON – BUILT THE 1ST PADDLE WHEEL STEAMBOAT IN 1807 – CLERMONT

• *THE RAILROAD WAS THE MOST IMPORTANT DEVELOPMENT IN THE TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM

• THIS HELPED TURN THE U.S. INTO A SINGLE MASSIVE MARKET FOR MANUFACTURED GOODS

• LABOR FOR THE FACTORIES IN THE NE CAME FROM FARMS IN THE SOUTH

• IN NEW ENGLAND MANY OF THE WORKERS WERE WOMEN – TEXTILE FACTORIES

• SOMETIMES ENTIRE FAMILIES WERE SOUGHT

• SEE PG. 366

SOCIAL IMPACT IN EUROPE

• SOCIAL IMPACT IN EUROPE

• CITIES GREW

• 2 NEW SOCIAL CLASSES:

• INDUSTRIAL MIDDLE CLASS & INDUSTRIAL WORKING CLASS

• POPULATION GROWTH AND CITIES

• EUROPE

• 1750 – 140 MILLION PEOPLE

• 1850 – 266 MILLION PEOPLE

• WHY WAS THERE SUCH A LARGE GROWTH?

• DECLINE IN DEATHRATE

• 1. WARS 2.DISEASE

• PEOPLE ATE BETTER AND FAMINE WAS ALMOST UNHEARD OF

EXCEPT – 1840 POTATO FAMINE THAT HIT THE IRISH

• EXCEPT – 1840 POTATO FAMINE THAT HIT THE IRISH

• A FUNGUS INFECTED THEIR POTATO CROP

• ALMOST 1 MILLION PEOPLE DIED

• APPROX A MILLION MORE EMIGRATED

• THE CITIES' AND TOWNS' GROWTH WAS IN DIRECT RELATION TO INDUSTRIALIZATION 1800 - 1850

• 1. PEOPLE MOVED FROM THE COUNTRY TO WORK IN THE CITIES

• 2. CITIES WERE MORE INDUSTRIOUS

• 3. STEAM ENGINES

• 4. RAILROADS

• SEE THE INCREASE OF BRITISH POPULATION ON PG. 368

• *RAPID GROWTH IN CITIES LED TO PITIFUL LIVING CONDITIONS FOR PEOPLE

• THE PEOPLE LOOKED TO THE GOVERNMENT TO HELP CLEAN UP THE CITIES

THE INDUSTRIAL MIDDLE CLASS

• THE INDUSTRIAL MIDDLE CLASS

• INDUSTRIAL CAPITALISM – ECONOMIC SYSTEM BASED ON INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTION

• THIS IS WHAT BROUGHT ABOUT THIS NEW MIDDLE CLASS

• BUILT THE FACTORIES, BOUGHT THE MACHINES, IDENTIFIED THE MARKETS

THE INDUSTRIAL WORKING CLASS

• THE INDUSTRIAL WORKING CLASS

• WAS ALSO CREATED BY THE IR

• WRETCHED WORKING CONDITION

• 12-16 HOUR DAYS – SIX DAYS PER WEEK

• 30 MINS FOR LUNCH AND DINNER

• NO MINIMUM WAGE

• *WORST CONDITIONS WERE IN THE COTTON MILLS

• EXTREME COLD AND HEAT, DIRTY, DUSTY, DANGEROUS, UNHEALTHY

COAL MINES – HARSH

• COAL MINES – HARSH

• HORSES, MULES, WOMEN AND CHILDREN WERE USED TO HAUL COAL CARTS

• CAVE-IN, EXPLOSIONS, AND GAS FUMES – “BAD AIR”

• MINES/TUNNELS – 3 OR 4 FEET HIGH

• CONSTANT DAMPNESS

• DEFORMED BODIES AND BAD LUNGS

1830S – BRITAIN – WOMEN AND CHILDREN MADE UP 2/3RD OF THE WORKFORCE IN THE COTTON INDUSTRY

• 1830S – BRITAIN – WOMEN AND CHILDREN MADE UP 2/3RD OF THE WORKFORCE IN THE COTTON INDUSTRY

• FACTORY ACT OF 1833 – THE NUMBER OF CHILDREN DECLINED

• 9 WAS SET AS THE MINIMUM AGE FOR EMPLOYMENT

• CHILDREN 9-13 COULD WORK 9 HOURS PER DAY

• 13-18 – 12 HOURS PER DAY

• WOMEN TOOK UP THEIR SPOTS

• PAID HALF OR LESS OF WHAT A MAN WAS PAID

• EXCESSIVE WORKING LAWS FOR WOMEN WERE OUTLAWED IN 1844

• NOW MEN HAVE THE BURDEN OF PROVIDING FOR THE FAMILY OUTSIDE OF THE HOME

• WOMEN – TOOK CARE OF FAMILY AND WORKED INSIDE THE HOME

EARLY SOCIALISM

• EARLY SOCIALISM

• BECAUSE OF THE PITIFUL WORKING CONDITIONS IN THE EARLY 1800S THE MOVEMENT CALLED SOCIALISM CAME ABOUT

• SYSTEM IN WHICH SOCIETY, USUALLY IN THE FORM OF THE GOV, OWNS AND CONTROL SOME MEANS OF PRODUCTION

• THIS IDEA CAME FROM INTELLECTUALS – EQUALITY OF ALL PEOPLE AND WANTED TO REPLACE COMPETITION WITH COOPERATION IN INDUSTRY

THIS WAS VERY IMPRACTICAL TO THE FOLLOWERS OF KARL MARX

• THIS WAS VERY IMPRACTICAL TO THE FOLLOWERS OF KARL MARX

• UTOPIAN SOCIALISTS

• ROBERT OWEN – COTTON MANUFACTURER

• HE TURNED NEW LANARK A SQUALID FACTORY TOWN INTO A FLOURISHING TOWN

REVIEW QUESTIONS

• REVIEW QUESTIONS

• WHERE DID THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION BEGIN?

• NAME THREE REASONS THAT ALLOWED IT TO BEGIN THERE.

• WHAT WAS THE COTTAGE INDUSTRY AND WHAT BROUGHT ABOUT ITS END?

• WHO WAS MAINLY SOUGHT OUT TO WORK IN FACTORIES?

• DESCRIBE THE CONDITIONS OF THE FACTORIES.

THE CONGRESS OF VIENNA

• THE CONGRESS OF VIENNA

• AFTER NAPOLEAN'S DEFEAT

• EUROPEAN RULERS MET AT THE CONGRESS OF VIENNA TO SET UP A FINAL PEACE SETTLEMENT

• BRITAIN, RUSSIA, PRUSSIA, AUSTRIA

• WANTED TO RESTORE THE OLD ORDER

• THE CONGRESS WAS LED BY KLEMENS VON METTERNICH

• PRINCIPLE OF LEGITIMACY

FRANCE – DID IT - BOURBON MONARCHY

• FRANCE – DID IT - BOURBON MONARCHY

• LARGELY IGNORED ELSEWHERE

• *THE GREAT POWERS WANTED TO ALSO FORM A BALANCE OF POWER

• GREAT BRITAIN, AUSTRIA, PRUSSIA, RUSSIA

• WHAT DOES THIS MEAN?

• THEY WANTED TO KEEP ONE COUNTRY FROM DOMINATING EUROPE

• POLITICALLY, MILITARILY

• THE CONSERVATIVE ORDER

• THE CONGRESS WAS A SUCCESS FOR RULERS WHO WANTED TO CONTAIN THE TYPE OF CHANGE THAT HAPPENED IN FRANCE

• CONSERVATISM – PHILOSOPHY BASED ON TRADITION AND SOCIAL STABILITY

1. OBEDIENCE TO AUTHORITY

• 1. OBEDIENCE TO AUTHORITY

• 2. SUPPORTED ORGANIZED RELIGION

• 3. DETESTED REVOLUTIONS

• 4. REFUSED TO ACCEPT PEOPLE’S DEMANDS FOR RIGHTS AND REPRESENTATIVE GOVERNMENT

• TO MAINTAIN THIS BALANCE OF POWER THE GREAT POWERS MET FOR CONFERENCES – CONCERT OF EUROPE

• BRITAIN, RUSSIA, PRUSSIA, AUSTRIA, *FRANCE

PRINCIPLE OF INTERVENTION – RIGHT TO SEND ARMIES INTO COUNTRIES IN A REVOLUTION TO RESTORE MONARCH

• PRINCIPLE OF INTERVENTION – RIGHT TO SEND ARMIES INTO COUNTRIES IN A REVOLUTION TO RESTORE MONARCH

• *GREAT BRITAIN WAS THE ONLY ONE THAT REFUSED

• FORCES OF CHANGE

• LIBERALISM – POLITICAL PHILOSOPHY THAT HELD THAT PEOPLE SHOULD BE AS FREE AS POSSIBLE FROM GOVERNMENT RESTRAINT

1. CIVIL LIBERTIES

• 1. CIVIL LIBERTIES

• 2. SHOULD BE GUARANTEED BY A WRITTEN DOCUMENT – BILL OF RIGHTS

• 3. SEPARATION OF CHURCH AND STATE

• 4. PEACEFUL OPPOSITION TO THE GOVERNMENT

• 5. REPRESENTATIVE ASSEMBLY (LEGISLATURE)

• 6. CONSTITUTIONAL MONARCHY

• 7. *DID NOT BELIEVE IN DEMOCRACY WHERE EVERYONE COULD VOTE – MEN OF PROPERTY

NATIONALISM – PEOPLE OWE THEIR POLITICAL LOYALTY TO THEIR NATION RATHER THAN TO A DYNASTY OR POLITICAL UNIT

• NATIONALISM – PEOPLE OWE THEIR POLITICAL LOYALTY TO THEIR NATION RATHER THAN TO A DYNASTY OR POLITICAL UNIT

• THIS AROSE FROM PEOPLE'S AWARENESS OF BEING:

• A NATION

• A COMMUNITY WITH COMMON TRADITIONS, LANGUAGES, INSTITUTIONS, CUSTOMS

• THIS BECAME POPULAR WITH THE FRENCH REVOLUTION

• *THIS WAS A MORE POWERFUL FORCE OF CHANGE THAN LIBERALISM

• NATIONALISTS BELIEVED THAT EACH NATIONALITY SHOULD HAVE ITS OWN GOVERNMENT

• THIS BELIEF BECAME A THREAT TO THE EXISTING POLITICAL ORDER

• HOW?

A UNIFIED GERMANY WOULD UPSET THE BALANCE OF POWER ESTBLAISHED BY THE CONGRESS OF VIENNA 1814

• A UNIFIED GERMANY WOULD UPSET THE BALANCE OF POWER ESTBLAISHED BY THE CONGRESS OF VIENNA 1814

• A HUNGARIAN STATE WOULD BREAK UP THE AUSTRIAN EMPIRE

• NATIONALISTS ALLIED WITH LIBERALS BRIEFLY

• WHY?

• EACH BELIEVED THAT INDIVIDUAL NATIONS SHOULD RULE THEMSELVES

• REVOLUTIONARY OUTBURSTS

• IN 1830 THE FORCES OF CHANGE BEGAN TO BREAK THROUGH CONSERVATIVE BARRIERS IN EUROPE

• HOW?

• *LIBERALS OVERTHREW THE BOURBON MONARCH IN FRANCE AND SET UP A CONSTITUTIONAL MONARCHY

• LOUIS-PHILIPPE REPLACED CHARLES X

• THERE WERE 3 OTHER REBELLIONS THAT YEAR PUSHED BY NATIONALISM

• 1. *BELGIUM REBELLED AGAINST THE FORMER DUTCH REPUBLIC AND FORMED AN INDEPENDENT STATE

• 2. POLAND AND ITALY WERE NOT SUCCESSFUL IN THEIR REVOLTS

ANOTHER FRENCH REVOLUTION

• ANOTHER FRENCH REVOLUTION

• ALTHOUGH CONSERVATISM STILL DOMINATED MUCH OF EUROPE, MORE REVOLUTIONS ERUPTED IN 1848

• ONCE AGAIN FRANCE WAS HAVING ECONOMIC PROBLEMS - LOWER CLASSES

• 1846 HARDSHIPS, MIDDLE CLASS MEN CLAMOURED TO VOTE

• LOUISE-PHILIPPE

• GOV REFUSED TO MAKE CHANGES

• OPPOSITION GREW

• MONARCHY WAS OVERTHROWN IN 1848

• MODERATE AND RADICAL REPUBLICANS SET UP A TEMPORARY GOVERNMENT

THEY WANTED FRANCE TO BE A REPUBLIC

• THEY WANTED FRANCE TO BE A REPUBLIC

• *GOVERNMENT WITH ELECTED OFFICIALS

• *UNDER THIS PROVISIONAL GOV – UNIVERSAL MALE SUFFRAGE WAS ESTABLISHED

• NATIONAL WORKSHOPS WERE SET UP FOR THE UNEMPLOYED

• ALTHOUGH A GREAT IDEA, THIS EMPTIED THE TREASURY

• MARCH - JUNE

• 120,000 UNEMPLOYED

• MODERATES CLOSED THE WORKSHOPS IN JUNE

THE WORKERS REFUSED TO ACCEPT THIS

• THE WORKERS REFUSED TO ACCEPT THIS

• FOR 4 DAYS THEY POURED INTO THE STREETS FIGHTING

• THE GOVERNMENT QUICKLY CRUSHED THE REVOLT

• *THOUSANDS KILLED AND THOUSANDS SENT TO ALGERIA – FRENCH PRISON COLONY

• A NEW CONSTITUTION WAS SET UP – NOV. 4. 1848

• SECOND REPUBLIC

• SINGLE LEGISLATURE

• A PRESIDENT SERVED FOR 4 YEARS

• VOTED ON AND ELECTED THROUGH UNIVERSAL MALE SUFFRAGE

• CHARLES LOUIS NAPOLEON BONAPARTE WON

• LOUIS-NAPOLEON

TROUBLE IN THE GERMAN SATES

• TROUBLE IN THE GERMAN SATES

• THIS REVOLT IN FRANCE LED TO PROBLEMS IN OTHER COUNTRIES

• GERMANY

• 38 GERMAN STATES WERE RECOGNIZED BY THE CONGRESS OF VIENNA AS INDEPENDENT STATES

• THE GERMAN CONFEDERATION

• THE PEOPLE WANTED A CONSTITUTION AND RIGHTS – JURY TRIALS

• THE FRANKFURT ASSEMBLY – ALL GERMAN PARLIAMENT – WORKED TO CREATE A CONSTITUTION - UNIFICATION

*A CONSTITUTION WAS DRAFTED BUT THE ASSEMBLY HAD NO POWER TO ENFORCE IT WITH THE GERMAN RULERS

• *A CONSTITUTION WAS DRAFTED BUT THE ASSEMBLY HAD NO POWER TO ENFORCE IT WITH THE GERMAN RULERS

• *GERMANY WAS NOT UNIFIED

• REVOLUTIONS IN CENTRAL EUROPE

• PROBLEMS IN THE AUSTRIAN EMPIRE

• MULTI-NATIONAL STATE: COLLECTION OF DIFFERENT PEOPLE

• *THE ONLY THING THEY HAD IN COMMON WAS THE HAPSBURG EMPEROR

THE GERMANS (1/4) PLAYED A LEADING ROLE IN THE GOVERNMENT

• THE GERMANS (1/4) PLAYED A LEADING ROLE IN THE GOVERNMENT

• DEMONSTRATIONS IN MAJOR CITIES LED TO THE DISMISSAL OF METTERNICH, THE AUSTRIAN FOREIGN MINISTER

• REVOLUTIONARIES IN VIENNA TOOK CONTROL OF THE CAPITAL AND DEMANDED A LIBERAL CONSTITUTION

• THE GOV GAVE JUST A LITTLE TO APPEASE THE REVOLUTIONARIES

• 1. HUNGARY HAD ITS OWN LEGISLATURE

• 2. CZECHS IN BOHEMIA CLAMORED FOR THEIR OWN GOVERNMENT

• THE AUSTRIAN GOVERNMENT WAS DETERMINED TO REGAIN THEIR CONTROL

1. IN JUNE, THE MILITARY CRUSHED THE CZECH REBELS IN PRAGUE

• 1. IN JUNE, THE MILITARY CRUSHED THE CZECH REBELS IN PRAGUE

• 2. OCTOBER REBELS IN VIENNA WERE DEFEATED

• 3. HUNGARIAN REBELS WERE SUBDUED IN 1849

• ALL REVOLUTIONS IN THE AUSTRIAN EMPIRE FAILED

• REVOLTS IN THE ITALIAN STATES

• THERE WERE NINE STATES SET UP IN ITALY BY THE CONGRESS OF VIENNA

• *REVOLTS BROKE OUT AGAINST THE AUSTRIANS IN LOMBARDY AND VENETIA

REBELS IN OTHER ITALIAN STATES BEGAN TO TAKE UP ARMS AND FIGHT TO HAVE A CONSTITUTION AND A UNIFIED ITALY

• REBELS IN OTHER ITALIAN STATES BEGAN TO TAKE UP ARMS AND FIGHT TO HAVE A CONSTITUTION AND A UNIFIED ITALY

• 1849 THE AUSTRIANS WERE ABLE TO REESTABLISH CONTROL IN ALL OF THE ITALIAN STATES

• ALTHOUGH CRUSHED, THESE REVOLTS LED TO LIBERAL CONSTITUTIONS AND GOVS

• MODERATE LIBERALS AND RADICALS SPLIT OVER THEIR GOALS

• CONSERVATISM WAS UPHELD

• NATIONALISM AND LIBERALISM STILL PLAYED A PART IN GOVERNMENTS

• http://education-portal.com/academy/lesson/central-european-revolutions-of-1848.html#lesson

REVIEW QUESTIONS

• REVIEW QUESTIONS

• WHAT WAS THE CONGRESS OF VIENNA?

• NAME THE GREAT POWERS IN EUROPE AT THIS TIME.

• DESCRIBE CONSERVATISM, LIBERALISM, AND NATIONALISM.

• WHAT WAS THE PRINCIPLE OF INTERVENTION?

• WHAT WAS THE FRANKFURT ASSEMBLY AND WHY DID IT FAIL?

BREAKDOWN OF THE CONCERT OF EUROPE

• BREAKDOWN OF THE CONCERT OF EUROPE

• THE 1848 REVOLUTIONS FAILED

• SO GERMANY AND ITALY ARE STILL NOT UNIFIED

• THE CRIMEAN WAR WILL CHANGE THIS

• THIS WAR RESULTED FROM PROBLEMS WITH RUSSIA AND THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE

• THE OTTOMANS CONTROLLED MUCH OF THE LAND IN THE BALKANS

• RUSSIA WAS INTERESTED IN THIS LAND

• AS THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE STARTED TO DECLINE, RUSSIA TOOK ADVANTAGE

1ST-WHY DID RUSSIA WANT THIS LAND?

• 1ST-WHY DID RUSSIA WANT THIS LAND?

• THIS WOULD GIVE THEM ACCESS TO THE DARDANELLES AND THEN THE MEDITERRANEAN SEA

• THUS MAKING THEM A MAJOR POWER IN EASTERN EUROPE

• THEY WOULD BE ABLE TO CHALLENGE BRITAIN FOR CONTROL OF THE EASTERN MEDITERRANEAN

2ND – SO WHAT DID RUSSIA DO TO GET THE LAND?

• 2ND – SO WHAT DID RUSSIA DO TO GET THE LAND?

• 1853 – THEY INVADED THE TURKISH BALKAN PROVINCES OF MOLDAVIA AND WALACHIA

• BECAUSE OF THIS, THE TURKS DECLARED WAR ON RUSSIA

• *GREAT BRITAIN AND FRANCE DECLARED WAR ON RUSSIA THE NEXT YEAR

• CRIMEAN WAR

THIS WAR WAS POORLY PLANNED AND FOUGHT

• THIS WAR WAS POORLY PLANNED AND FOUGHT

• RUSSIA SUFFERED HEAVY LOSSES AND PUSHED FOR PEACEFUL NEGOTIATIONS

• TREATY OF PARIS 1856 – ENDED THE WAR

• THE CRIMEAN DESTROYED THE CONCERT OF EUROPE

SINCE AUSTRIA FAILED TO HELP RUSSIA IN THIS WAR, THEY ARE NOW ENEMIES

• SINCE AUSTRIA FAILED TO HELP RUSSIA IN THIS WAR, THEY ARE NOW ENEMIES

• RUSSIA WAS HUMILIATED AND STAYED OUT OF EUROPEAN AFFAIRS FOR 20 YRS

• ALL OF THIS OPENED THE DOOR FOR THE UNIFICATION OF ITALY AND GERMANY

• http://education-portal.com/academy/lesson/the-crimean-war-summary-causes-effects.html#lesson

• ITALIAN UNIFICATION

• 1850 – AUSTRIA WAS STILL DOMINANT OVER THE ITALIAN PENINSULA

• AFTER THE FAILURE OF THE 1848 REVOLUTION PEOPLE LOOKED TO THE NORTHERN ITALIAN STATES TO TRY TO BRING ABOUT A UNIFICATION

THEY WENT TO PIEDMONT WHICH WAS RULED BY THE SAVOY DYNASTY

• THEY WENT TO PIEDMONT WHICH WAS RULED BY THE SAVOY DYNASTY

• *KING VICTOR EMMANUEL II

• CAMILLO DI CAVOUR – PRIME MINISTER

• HE PURSUED ECONOMIC EXPANSION THAT INCREASE GOV REVENUE AND EQUIPPED A LARGE ARMY

• *KNOWING THE ARMY WAS NOT STRONG ENOUGH TO DEFEAT THE AUSTRIANS CAVOUR MADE AN ALLIANCE WITH LOUIS NAPOLEON OF FRANCE

CAVOUR PROVOKED AUSTRIA TO INVADE

• CAVOUR PROVOKED AUSTRIA TO INVADE

• THEY FOUGHT

• PEACE SETTLEMENT

• FRENCH – NICE AND SAVOY

• PIEDMONT – LOMBARDY

• AUSTRIA – KEPT VENETIA

• THIS INSPIRED NATIONALISTS IN OTHER NORTHERN STATES TO OVERTHROW THEIR GOVERNMENTS AND JOIN THEIR STATES TO PIEDMONT

GIUSEPPE GARIBALDI – ITALIAN PATRIOT, RAISED AN ARMY OF VOLUNTEERS – RED SHIRTS

• GIUSEPPE GARIBALDI – ITALIAN PATRIOT, RAISED AN ARMY OF VOLUNTEERS – RED SHIRTS

• A REVOLT BROKE OUT IN SICILY

• GARIBALDI’S TROOPS HELPED AND GOT CONTROL OF MOST OF THE ISLAND – JULY 1860

• THEY CONTINUED PURSUING CONTROL AND EVENTUALLY NAPLES AND THE ENTIRE KINGDOM OF THE TWO SICILIES FELL – SEPT 1860

GARIBALDI TURNED OVER HIS CONQUESTS TO PIEDMONT

• GARIBALDI TURNED OVER HIS CONQUESTS TO PIEDMONT

• *A NEW ITALIAN KINGDOM WAS PROCLAIMED UNDER KING VICTOR EMMANUEL II – MARCH 17, 1861

• THEY STILL NEEDED TO GET VENETIA FROM AUSTRIA AND ROME FROM THE POPE

• 1. THE ITALIANS GOT VENETIA AFTER A WAR BETWEEN AUSTRIA AND PRUSSIA

• AUSTRO-PRUSSIAN WAR 1866

1870 DURING THE FRANCO-PRUSSIAN WAR, THE FRENCH TROOPS WITHDREW FROM ROME

• 1870 DURING THE FRANCO-PRUSSIAN WAR, THE FRENCH TROOPS WITHDREW FROM ROME

• THIS ALLOWED THE ITALIAN ARMY TO GET CONTROLL OF IT

• ROME THEN BECAME THE CAPITAL OF THIS UNIFIED ITALIAN STATE

• GERMAN UNIFICATION

• SINCE THE FRANKFURT ASSEMBLY FAILED IN 1848 GERMANS LOOKED TO PRUSSIA FOR LEADERSHIP AND HELP

WHY PRUSSIA?

• WHY PRUSSIA?

• PRUSSIA HAD A PROSPEROUS STATE AND A STRONG MILITARY

• KING WILLIAM I APPOINTED OTTO VON BISMARCK AS THE NEW PRIME MINISTER

• REALPOLITIK – “POLITICS OF REALITY”

• BISMARCK DID NOT LIKE TO BE OPPOSED

• HE OVERLOOKED THE LEGISLATURE’S OPPOSITION TO THE MILITARY REFORMS

“GERMANY DOES NOT LOOK TO PRUSSIA’S LIBERALISM BUT TO HER POWER.”

• “GERMANY DOES NOT LOOK TO PRUSSIA’S LIBERALISM BUT TO HER POWER.”

• HE COLLECTED TAXES AND STRENGTHENED THE ARMY

• 1862 TO 1866 BISMARCK GOVERNED PRUSSIA WITHOUT PARLIAMENT’S APPROVAL

• HE MAINTAINED ACTIVE FOREIGN POLICY WHICH LED TO WAR

• AFTER A SERIES OF WARS, PRUSSIA ORGANIZED THE GERMAN STATES NORTH OF THE MAIN RIVER – NORTH GERMAN CONFEDERATION

THE SOUTHERN GERMAN STATES WERE CATHOLIC AND THEY FEARED PRUSSIA WHICH WAS PROTESTANT

• THE SOUTHERN GERMAN STATES WERE CATHOLIC AND THEY FEARED PRUSSIA WHICH WAS PROTESTANT

• THEY ALSO FEARED FRANCE

• THIS SECONDARY FEAR ALLOWED THEM TO JOIN FORCES WITH PRUSSIA

• PRUSSIA NOW DOMINATED ALL OF NORTHERN GERMANY

• THIS DID NOT COME WITHOUT PROBLEMS

• BISMARCK BELIEVED THAT FRANCE WOULD NOT BE CONTENT WITH A STRONG GERMAN STATE TO ITS EAST

1870 THERE WAS AN ISSUE OVER THE SPANISH THRONE

• 1870 THERE WAS AN ISSUE OVER THE SPANISH THRONE

• BISMARCK USED THIS TO GOAD FRANCE INTO DECLARING WAR ON PRUSSIA

• FRANCO-PRUSSIAN WAR

• THE FRENCH WERE NO MATCH FOR THE PRUSSIAN ARMY

• THE SOUTHERN GERMAN STATES ALSO JOINED IN

• SEPT 2, 1870 AN ENTIRE FRENCH ARMY AND RULER, NAPOLEON III WERE CAPTURED

PARIS SURRENDERED ON JAN 28, 1871

• PARIS SURRENDERED ON JAN 28, 1871

• PEACE TREATY

• FRANCE HAD TO PAY $1BILLION AND GIVE UP ALSACE AND LORRAINE TO THE GERMAN STATE

• THE SOUTHERN GERMAN STATES AGREED TO ENTER THE NORTH GERMAN CONFEDERATION

• WILLIAM I OF PRUSSIA WAS PROCLAIMED KAISER – EMPEROR OF THE SECOND GERMAN EMPIRE

• WHAT WAS THE 1ST?

• GERMAN UNITY WAS ACHIEVED THANKS TO THE PRUSSIAN MONARCHY AND ARMY

NATIONALISM AND REFORM IN EUROPE

• NATIONALISM AND REFORM IN EUROPE

• GREAT BRITAIN

• MANGAGED TO AVOID REVOLUTIONS IN EARYLY 1800S

• HOW?

• 1ST - 1832 THEY INCREASED MALE VOTING RIGHTS

• THE NEW VOTERS WERE MAINLY MEMBERS OF THE INDUSTRIAL MIDDLE CLASS

• *THIS GAVE THEM AN INTEREST IN THE RULING OF BRITAIN, THIS HELPED THEM AVOID REVOLTS

2ND – PARLIAMENT CONTINUED TO MAKE SOCIAL AND POLITICAL REFORMS TO KEEP THE COUNTRY STABLE

• 2ND – PARLIAMENT CONTINUED TO MAKE SOCIAL AND POLITICAL REFORMS TO KEEP THE COUNTRY STABLE

• 3RD – CONTINUED ECONOMIC GROWTH

• THE MIDDLE CLASS AND WORKING CLASS WERE BECOMING PROSPEROUS BECAUSE OF THE IR

• 4TH – THE REIGN OF QUEEN VICTORIA

• REIGNED 1837 TO 1901

• SHE AS WELL AS THE BRITISH SUBJECTS REFELCTED A SENSE OF NATIONAL PRIDE

• DUTY AND MORAL RESPECTABILITY

LONGEST REIGN IN ENGLISH HISTORY

• LONGEST REIGN IN ENGLISH HISTORY

• VICTORIAN AGE

• FRANCE

• FRANCE IS NOW WORKING TO RESTORE THE MONARCHY

• 4 YRS AFTER HIS PRESIDENCY, LOUIS-NAPOLEON ASKED FOR THE EMPIRE TO BE RESTORED

• PLEBISCITE – POPULAR VOTE

• 97% WERE IN FAVOR OF THIS

DEC. 2, 1852 – LOUIS-NAPOLEON TOOK THE TITLE NAPOLEON III AND THE SECOND EMPIRE HAD BEGUN

• DEC. 2, 1852 – LOUIS-NAPOLEON TOOK THE TITLE NAPOLEON III AND THE SECOND EMPIRE HAD BEGUN

• THIS GOV WAS AUTHORITARIAN

• *NAPOLEON III CONTROLLED EVERYTHING AND LIMITED CIVIL LIBERTIES

• LEGISLATURE GAVE AN APPEARANCE OF A REPRESENTATIVE GOVERNMENT

• NAPOLEON’S 1ST 5 YEARS WERE SUCCESSFUL

HOW WAS IT A SUCCESS WHEN NAPOLEON III TOOK AWAY THE PEOPLE’S CIVIL LIBERTIES AND POLITICAL POWER?

• HOW WAS IT A SUCCESS WHEN NAPOLEON III TOOK AWAY THE PEOPLE’S CIVIL LIBERTIES AND POLITICAL POWER?

• HE DIVERTED THE PEOPLE'S ATTENTION BY.....

• 1. EXPANDING THE ECONOMY

• 2. BUILDING RAILROADS, HARBORS, ROADS

• 3. REBUILT PARIS – BOULEVARDS, SPACIOUS BUILDINGS, UNDERGROUND SEWAGE, NEW PUBLIC WATER SUPPLY

1860S OPPOSITION CAME TO NAPOLEON’S POLICIES

• 1860S OPPOSITION CAME TO NAPOLEON’S POLICIES

• SO WHAT DID NAPOLEON DO?

• HE MADE THE GOV MORE LIBERAL

• HOW?

• HE GAVE THE LEG MORE POWER

• THIS MADE THE PEOPLE HAPPY AND THEY SUPPORTED HIM AGAIN IN ANOTHER 1870 PLEBISCITE

• BUT THIS DIDN’T LAST LONG

• THE 2ND EMPIRE FELL WHEN FRANCE WAS DEFEATED IN THE FRANCO-PRUSSIAN WAR

THE AUSTRIAN EMPIRE

• THE AUSTRIAN EMPIRE

• WAS A MULTINATIONAL EMPIRE

• WAS ABLE TO CRUSH THE REVOLTS OF 1848 AND 1849

• AFTER AUSTRIA’S DEFEAT BY PRUSSIA, THEY HAD TO MAKE CONCESSIONS TO THE HUNGARIANS

• COMPROMISE OF 1867 –

• CREATED A DUAL MONARCHY

• AUSTRIA-HUNGARY

THEY EACH HAD THEIR OWN CONSTITUTION, LEGISLATURE, BUREAUCRACY, AND CAPITAL

• THEY EACH HAD THEIR OWN CONSTITUTION, LEGISLATURE, BUREAUCRACY, AND CAPITAL

• VIENNA AND BUDAPEST

• IN COMMON THEY HAD 1 MONARCH – FRANCIS JOSEPH

• 1. ARMY

• 2. FOREIGN POLICY

• 3. FINANCIAL SYSTEM

• IN DOMESTIC AFFAIRS THE HUNGARIANS HAD BECOME AN INDEPENDENT NATION BUT WHAT ABOUT THE OTHER NATIONS?

RUSSIA

• RUSSIA

• WAS RURAL, AGRICULTURAL, AND AUTOCRATIC AT THE BEGINNING OF THE 19TH CENTURY

• THE CZAR STILL HAD UNLIMITED POWER

• THE GOVERNMENT WAS BASED ON SOLDIERS, SECRET POLICE, REPRESSION, AND CENSORSHIP

*AFTER RUSSIA’S HUMILIATING DEFEAT IN THE CRIMEAN WAR, CZAR ALEXANDER II MADE REFORMS

• *AFTER RUSSIA’S HUMILIATING DEFEAT IN THE CRIMEAN WAR, CZAR ALEXANDER II MADE REFORMS

• 1ST – SERFDOM WAS THE LARGEST PROBLEM

• MARCH 3, 1861 – ALEXANDER ISSUED AN EMANCIPATION EDICT – FREED THE SERFS

• 2ND – PEASANTS COULD OWN PROPERTY AND MARRY AS THEY CHOSE

• ALTHOUGH THIS SOUNDS GOOD, THE LAND SYSTEM WAS NOT THAT HELPFUL FOR THE SERFS

SINCE THE GOV BOUGHT THE LAND FROM THE LANDLORDS, THE LANDLORDS OFTEN KEPT THE BEST LANDS FOR THEMSELVES

• SINCE THE GOV BOUGHT THE LAND FROM THE LANDLORDS, THE LANDLORDS OFTEN KEPT THE BEST LANDS FOR THEMSELVES

• *THE PEASANTS DID NOT HAVE ENOUGH GOOD LAND TO SUPPORT THEMSELVES

• THE EMANCIPATION LED TO *AN UNHAPPY, LAND-STARVED PEASANTRY

• ALEXANDER TRIED OTHER REFORMS, BUT NO ONE WAS HAPPY

REFORMERS WANTED MORE AND WANTED IT FASTER

• REFORMERS WANTED MORE AND WANTED IT FASTER

• CONSERVATIVES BELIEVED THAT THE CZAR WAS DESTROYING THE BASIC INSTUTITION OF RUSSIAN SOCIETY

• SO, A GROUP OF RADICALS KILLED HIM IN 1881

• HIS SON TOOK THE THRONE AND RETURNED TO THE OLD METHODS OF REPRESSION

• ALEXANDER III

NATIONALISM IN THE U.S.

• NATIONALISM IN THE U.S.

• THE U.S. GOV HAD A COMMITMENT TO NATIONALISM AND LIBERALISM

• NATIONAL UNITY DID NOT COME EASY IN THE U.S.

• WHY?

• FEDERALISTS – SUPPORTED A STRONG CENTRAL GOVERNMENT

• REPUBLICANS – SUPPORTED STRONG STATE GOVERNMENTS

THESE DIVISIONS ENDED WITH THE WAR OF 1812

• THESE DIVISIONS ENDED WITH THE WAR OF 1812

• THERE WAS A STRONGER SENSE OF NATIONALISM

• MID 1800S SLAVERY HAD BECOME A THREAT TO NATIONAL UNITY

• HOW?

• THERE WERE 4 MILION AFRICAN AM SLAVES IN 1860 AS COMPARED TO 1 MILLION IN 1800

• SOUTH’S ECONOMY WAS BASED ON SLAVE LABOR

• COTTON WAS KING

• ELI WHITNEY AND THE COTTON GIN HELPED INCREASE COTTON PRODUCTION

THE SOUTH WAS DETERMINED TO HOLD ON TO COTTON AND SLAVERY

• THE SOUTH WAS DETERMINED TO HOLD ON TO COTTON AND SLAVERY

• THEN, THE ABOLITIONIST MOVEMENT CAME ABOUT

• END SLAVERY IMMEDIATELY

• THIS FURTHER DIVIDED THE COUNTRY

• LINCOLN – “ THIS GOV CANNOT ENDURE PERMANENTLY HALF SLAVE AND HALF FREE.”

• LINCOLN WAS ELECTED PRES. NOV. 1860

DEC. 1860 SOUTH CAROLINA VOTED TO SECEDE OR WITHDRAW FROM THE U.S.

• DEC. 1860 SOUTH CAROLINA VOTED TO SECEDE OR WITHDRAW FROM THE U.S.

• FEB. 1861 SIX MORE SOUTHERN STATES WITHDREW

• THE CONFEDERATE STATES OF AMERICA WERE FORMED

• FIGHTING SOON ERUPTED BETWEEN THE UNION AND THE CONFEDERACY

• CIVIL WAR

• 600,000 SOLDIERS DIED

• THE UNION WITH MORE MEN AND RESOURCES GRADUALLY WORE DOWN THE CONFEDERACY

LINCOLN’S EMANCIPATION PROCLAMATION – DECLARED MOST SLAVES “FOREVER FREE”

• LINCOLN’S EMANCIPATION PROCLAMATION – DECLARED MOST SLAVES “FOREVER FREE”

• APRIL 9, 1865 CONFEDERATE FORCES SURRENDERED

• NATIONAL UNITY PREVAILED

• A CANADIAN NATION

• CANADA WAS GIVEN TO THE BRITISH BY THE FRENCH AFTER THE SEVEN YEAR’S WAR

• CANADIANS SOUGHT MORE FREEDOM FROM THE BRITISH

• AFTER 2 SHORT REBELLIONS IN BOTH UPPER AND LOWER CANADA, BRITAIN BEGAN TO MAKE CHANGES

1ST – THE BRITISH GOV JOINED UPPER AND LOWER CANANDA INTO THE UNITED PROVINCES OF CANADA

• 1ST – THE BRITISH GOV JOINED UPPER AND LOWER CANANDA INTO THE UNITED PROVINCES OF CANADA

• BUT THEY COULD NOT SELF-GOVERNED

• JOHN MACDONALD BEGAN PUSHING FOR SELF GOV

• HE WAS THE HEAD OF UPPER CANADA’S CONSERVATIVE PARTY

• SO THE BRITISH GAVE IN 1867

• BRITISH NORTH AMERICA ACT – ESTABLISHED A CANADIAN NATION

• THEY HAD THEIR OWN CONSTITUTION

• JOHN MACDONALD BECAME THE FIRST PRIME MINISTER

• CANADA NOW RULED ITSELF AND HAD A LEGISLATIVE SYSTEM

• FOREIGN AFFAIRS STILL REMAINED WITH BRITAIN

REVIEW QUESTIONS

• REVIEW QUESTIONS

• WHAT WERE 2 SIGNIFICANT RESULTS OF THE CRIMEAN WAR?

• WHO WAS INVOLVED IN THIS WAR AND WHY?

• WHAT ITALIAN STATE WAS INSTRUMENTAL IN UNIFYING ITALY?

• WHAT COUNTRY WAS INSTRUMENTAL IN HELPING GERMANY ACHIEVE UNIFICATION?

• DESCRIBE THE STRUGGLES THAT THE U.S. HAD WITH MAINTAINING UNITY IN THIS COUNTRY.

ROMANTICISM

• ROMANTICISM

• EMERGED AT THE END OF THE 18TH CENT

• CAME ABOUT AS A REACTION TO THE ENLIGHTENMENT

• ENLIGHTENMENT STRESSED REASON AS THE CHIEF MEANS FOR DISCOVERING THE TRUTH

• ROMANTICS THOUGHT DIFFERENTLY

• *THEY STRESSED FEELING, EMOTIONS, AND IMAGINATION AS A SOURCE OF KNOWING

ROMANTICS PLACED EMPHASIS ON INDIVIDUALISM

• ROMANTICS PLACED EMPHASIS ON INDIVIDUALISM

• ONLY THE INDIVIDUAL EXPERIENCING THE EMOTION COULD TRULY UNDERSTAND

• ROMANTICS DID MANY THINGS TO DISTINGUISH THEMSELVES

• ROMANTICS ALSO HAD AN INTEREST IN THE PAST

• THEY REVIVED MEDIEVAL ARCHITECTURE AND BUILT CASTLES AND CATHEDRALS

• THEIR LITERATURE ALSO REFLECTED THE PAST

WALTER SCOTT – IVANHOE – MEDIEVAL ENGLAND

• WALTER SCOTT – IVANHOE – MEDIEVAL ENGLAND

• THE EXOTIC AND UNFAMILIAR ALSO INTRIGUED ROMANTICS

• GOTHIC LITERATURE

• *MARY SHELLEY’S – FRANKENSTEIN AND EDGAR ALLEN POE’S – SHORT HORROR STORIES

• ROMANTIC POETRY GAVE EXPRESSION TO – LOVE OF NATURE

• VIEWED AS A DIRECT REFLECTION OF ONE’S SOUL

• WILLIAM WORDSWORTH – FOREMOST ENGLISH ROMANTIC POET OF NATURE

HE BELIEVED THAT SCIENCE HAD REDUCED NATURE TO JUST A COLD OBJECT OF STUDY

• HE BELIEVED THAT SCIENCE HAD REDUCED NATURE TO JUST A COLD OBJECT OF STUDY

• *ROMANTICS ALSO BELIEVED THAT INDUSTRIALIZATION WOULD ALIENATE PEOPLE FROM THEIR INNER BEING

• VISUAL ARTS WERE ALSO AFFECTED BY ROMANTICISM

• HOW?

• 1. ALL ART WAS A REFLECTION OF THE ARTIST’S INNER FEELINGS

• 2. ROMANTIC ARTISTS ABANDONED CLASSICAL REASON FOR WARMTH AND EMOTION

• VISUAL AND LITERARY ARTS SHARED THIS

EUGENE DELACROIX – ONE OF THE MOST FAMOUS ROMANTIC PAINTERS FROM FRANCE

• EUGENE DELACROIX – ONE OF THE MOST FAMOUS ROMANTIC PAINTERS FROM FRANCE

• CHARACTERISTICS:

• 1. EXOTIC AND 2. COLOR

• “A PAINTING SHOULD BE A FEAST TO THE EYE”

• MUSIC WAS ALSO IMPORTANT

• LUDWIG VAN BEETHOVEN – WAS ONE OF THE GREATEST COMPOSERS OF ALL TIME

• HE BRIDGED THE CLASSICAL AND ROMANTIC PERIODS IN MUSIC

• HE SINGLEHANDEDLY TRANSFORMED THE ART OF MUSIC

A NEW AGE OF SCIENCE

• A NEW AGE OF SCIENCE

• EDWARD JENNER – DISCOVERED A VACCINE FOR SMALLPOX

• LOUIS PASTEUR – PROPOSED THE GERM THEORY OF DISEASE

• DMITRY MENDELEYEV – CLASSIFIED ALL MATERIAL ELEMENTS THEN KNOWN ON THE BASIS OF THEIR ATOMIC WEIGHTS

• MICHEAL FARADAY – CREATED A PRIMITIVE GENERATOR THAT LAID THE FOUNDATION FOR THE USE OF ELECTRIC CURRENT

THE BENEFITS OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY LED MANY PEOPLE TO HAVE FAITH IN THEM

• THE BENEFITS OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY LED MANY PEOPLE TO HAVE FAITH IN THEM

• *THIS UNDERMINED THE RELIGIOUS FAITH OF MANY PEOPLE

• THUS, THE 19TH CENT WAS AN AGE OF INCREASED SECULARIZATION

• TRUTH WAS NOW FOUND IN SCIENCE AND THE CONCRETE MATERIAL EXISTENCE OF HUMANS

• CHARLES DARWIN ADVOCATED THIS

PRINCIPLE OF ORGANIC EVOLUTION

• PRINCIPLE OF ORGANIC EVOLUTION

• PROCESS OF NATURAL SELECTION

• DESCENT OF MAN

• MANY PEOPLE HAD QUESTIONS AND CONCERNS ABOUT DARWIN'S PRINCIPLES

• REALISM

• THE BELIEF THAT THE WORLD SHOULD BE VIEWED REALISTICALLY

• THIS AFFECTED THE LITERARY AND VISUAL ARTS

LITERARY REALISTS REJECTED ROMANTICISM

• LITERARY REALISTS REJECTED ROMANTICISM

• THEY WANTED TO WRITE ABOUT ORDINARY “REAL” CHARACTERS

• THEY USED PRECISE DESCRIPTIONS INSTEAD OF EMOTIONAL WORDS

• REALISTICS COMBINED EVERYDAY LIFE EXPERIENCES WITH SOCIAL ISSUES AND EXPRESSED THEIR VIEWS THROUGH THEIR CHARACTERS

• THE FRENCH LED THE WAY WITH THIS

GUSTAVE FLAUBERT

• GUSTAVE FLAUBERT

• LEADING REALIST NOVELIST OF THE 1850S AND 1860S

• MADAME BOVARY

• CHARLES DICKENS

• BRISTISH NOVELIST WHO FOCUSED ON THE LOWER AND MIDDLE CLASSES IN BRITIAN DURING THE EARLY INDUSTRIAL AGE

• OLIVER TWIST AND DAVID COPPERFIELD

REALISM IN ART BECAME DOMINANT IN 1850

• REALISM IN ART BECAME DOMINANT IN 1850

• ARTISTS TRIED TO SHOW REAL LIFE ISSUES IN PHOTOGRAPH

• GUSTAVE COURBET – MOST FAMOUS ARTIST OF THE REALIST SCHOOL

• FACTORY WORKERS, PEASANTS, WIVES

• STONEBREAKERS

• http://education-portal.com/academy/lesson/the-literary-realism-movement-a-response-to-romanticism.html#lesson

REVIEW QUESTIONS

• REVIEW QUESTIONS

• WHAT DID ROMANTICISM EMERGE AS A REACTION TO?

• WHAT DID ROMANTICISM EMPHASIZE?

• WHAT DID REALISM EMPHASIZE?

• WHAT FACTORS CONTRIBUTED TO AN EMERGING SECULAR SOCIETY?

• WHAT WAS THE THEME FOR REALISTIC ARTWORK AND LITERATURE?