Static Electricity 2000 Edition

Table B.2 Static Electric Characteristics of Liquids (Continued)
Liquid
Conductivity (pS/m)
Dielectric Constant
Relaxation Time
Constant (sec)
 (Sheet 2 of 5)

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APPENDIX B
77
–45
2000 Edition
guaiacol (25
°C)
2.8 
× 10
7
n/a
n/a
hydrogen bromide (–80
°C)
8 
× 10
5
n/a
n/a
hydrogen chloride (–96
°C)
1 
× 10
6
n/a
n/a
hydrogen cyanide (0
°C)
3.3 
× 10
8
n/a
n/a
hydrogen iodide
(at boiling point)
2 
× 10
7
n/a
n/a
iodine (110
°C)
1.3 
× 10
4
n/a
n/a
mercury (0
°C)
1.063 
× 10
18
n/a
n/a
methoxy triglycol
> 1 
× 10
6
n/a
n/a
methyl acetamide
2 
× 10
7
191.3
8.5 
× 10
−5
methyl acetate (25
°C)
3.4 
× 10
8
6.68
1.7 
× 10
−7
methyl alcohol (18
°C)
4.4 
× 10
7
32.70
6.6 
× 10
−6
methyl cyanoacetate
4.49 
× 10
7
29.30
5.8 
× 10
−6
methyl ethyl ketone (25
°C)
1 
× 10
7
18.51
1.6 
× 10
−5
methyl formamide
8 
× 10
7
182.4
2.0 
× 10
−5
methyl formate
1.92 
× 10
8
8.5
3.9 
× 10
−7
methyl iodide (25
°C)
< 2 
× 10
6
n/a
n/a
methyl isobutyl ketone
< 5.2 
× 10
6
13.11
> 2.2 
× 10
−5
methyl nitrate (25
°C)
4.5 
× 10
8
n/a
n/a
n-methyl-2-pyrolidone
2 
× 10
6
32.0
1.4 
× 10
−4
methyl thiocyanate (25
°C)
1.5 
× 10
8
n/a
n/a
naphthalene (82
°C)
4 
× 10
4
n/a
n/a
nitrobenzene (0
°C)
5 
× 10
5
34.82
6.2 
× 10
−4
nitroethane
5 
× 10
7
28.06
5.0 
× 10
−6
nitromethane (18
°C)
6 
× 10
7
35.87
5.3 
× 10
−6
1-nitropropane
3.3 
× 10
7
23.24
6.2 
× 10
−6
2-nitropropane
5 
× 10
7
25.52
4.5 
× 10
−6
nitrotoluene (25
°C)
(ortho or meta)
< 2 
× 10
7
n/a
n/a
octyl alcohol
1.39 
× 10
7
10.34
6.9 
× 10
−6
phenetole (25
°C)
< 1.7 
× 10
6
n/a
n/a
phenol
1 
× 10
6
9.78
8.7 
× 10
−5
phenyl isothiocyante (25
°C)
1.4 
× 10
8
n/a
n/a
phosgene (25
°C)
7 
× 10
5
n/a
n/a
phosphorus (25
°C)
4 
× 10
8
n/a
n/a
phosphorus oxychloride (25
°C)
2.2 
× 10
8
n/a
n/a
pinene (23
°C)
< 2 
× 10
4
n/a
n/a
piperidine (25
°C)
< 2 
× 10
7
n/a
n/a
propionaldehyde (25
°C)
8.5 
× 10
7
18.5
1.9 
× 10
−6
propionic acid (25
°C)
< 1 
× 10
5
3.44
> 3.0 
× 10
−4
propionitrile
8.51 
× 10
6
27.2
2.8 
× 10
−5
propyl acetate (i- or n-)
1 – 6 
× 10
4
6.002
n/a
n-propyl alcohol (25
°C)
2 
× 10
6
20.33
9 
× 10
−5
iso-propyl alcohol (25
°C)
3.5 
× 10
8
19.92
5 
× 10
−7
propyl formate
5.5 
× 10
9
7.72
1.2 
× 10
−8
pyridine (18
°C)
5.3 
× 10
6
12.4
2.1 
× 10
−5
quinoline (25
°C)
2.2 
× 10
6
9.0
3.6 
× 10
−5
salicylaldehyde (25
°C)
1.6 
× 10
7
13.9
7.5 
× 10
−6
succinonitrile
5.64 
× 10
10
56.5
8.9 
× 10
−9
Table B.2 Static Electric Characteristics of Liquids (Continued)
Liquid
Conductivity (pS/m)
Dielectric Constant
Relaxation Time
Constant (sec)
 (Sheet 3 of 5)

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77–
46
STATIC ELECTRICITY
2000 Edition
sulfolane
< 2 
× 10
6
43.3
> 1.9 
× 10
−4
sulfonyl chloride (25
°C)
2 
× 10
8
n/a
n/a
sulfuric acid (25
°C)
1 
× 10
12
n/a
n/a
tetraethylene-pentamine
> 1 
× 10
6
n/a
n/a
tetramethylurea
< 6 
× 10
6
23.06
> 3.4 
× 10
−5
m-toluidine
5.5 
× 10
4
9.91
1.6 
× 10
−3
o-toluidine
3.79 
× 10
7
6.34
1.5 
× 10
−6
p-toluidine (100
°C)
6.2 
× 10
6
4.98
7.1 
× 10
−6
trichloroacetic acid (25
°C)
3 
× 10
5
n/a
n/a
1,1,1-trichloroethane
7.3 
× 10
5
7.53
9.1 
× 10
−5
triethylene glycol
8.4 
× 10
6
23.69
2.5 
× 10
−5
triethylenetetramine
> 1 
× 10
6
n/a
n/a
trimethylamine (-35
°C)
2.2 
× 10
4
n/a
n/a
vinyl acetate
2.6 
× 10
4
n/a
n/a
water (extremely pure)
4.3 
× 10
6
80.4
1.7 
× 10
−4
water (air distilled)
∼ 1 × 10
9
80.4
7.1 
× 10
−4
Semiconductive Liquids: Conductivity from 50 pS/m to 10
4
 pS/m
amyl acetate
2160
4.75
1.9 
× 10
−2
armeen
470
n/a
n/a
biphenyl
(liquid at 69
°C – 120°C)
2500–10,000
n/a
n/a
bromobenzene
1200
5.40
4 
× 10
−2
1-bromonaphthalene
3660
4.83
1.1 
× 10
−2
butyl acetate (i- or n-)
4300
n/a
n/a
butyl acrylate
3580
n/a
n/a
chlorobenzene
7000
5.621
7.1 
× 10
−3
chloroform
< 10,000
4.806
> 4.3 
× 10
−3
dibutyl sebacate
1700
4.54
2.4 
× 10
−2
dichlorobenzene
3000
9.93
2.9 
× 10
−3
ethylene dichloride
4000
10.36
2.2 
× 10
−2
2-ethylhexyl acrylate
610
n/a
n/a
gasoline (leaded)
> 50
2.3
< 0.41
hydrogen sulfide
(at boiling point)
1000
n/a
n/a
methylene chloride
4300
8.93
1.8 
× 10
−2
pentachloroethane
100
3.83
0.3
sulfur (130
°C)
5000
n/a
n/a
1,2,4-trichlorobenzene
200
4.08
0.18
trichloroethylene
800
3.42
3.7 
× 10
−2
vinyltrimethoxysilane (<2% methanol)
5900
n/a
n/a
Nonconductive Liquids: Conductivity <50 pS/m
anisole
10
4.33
3.8
benzene (pure)
5 
× 10
-3
2.3
~100 (dissipation)
biphenyl (solid <69
°C)
0.17
n/a
n/a
bromine (17.2
°C)
13
n/a
n/a
butyl stearate
21
3.111
1.3
caprylic acid
< 37
2.45
> 0.58
carbon disulfide (1
°C)
7.8 
× 10
−4
2.6
∼100 (dissipation)
carbon tetrachloride
4 
× 10
−4
2.238
∼100 (dissipation)
Table B.2 Static Electric Characteristics of Liquids (Continued)
Liquid
Conductivity (pS/m)
Dielectric Constant
Relaxation Time
Constant (sec)
 (Sheet 4 of 5)

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APPENDIX C
77
–47
2000 Edition
Appendix C
Recommended Means for Providing 
Bonding and Grounding
This appendix is not a part of the recommendations of this NFPA
document but is included for informational purposes only.
C.1 Diagrams.
Figures C.1(a) through C.1(k) are reprinted
from Generation and Control of Static Electricity by permission of
the National Paint and Coatings Association, 1500 Rhode
Island Avenue, NW, Washington, DC 20005-5597. Refer to this
publication for additional diagrams.
FIGURE C.1(a)
Ground bus connection to ground rod.
chlorine (–70
°C)
< 0.01
n/a
n/a
cyclohexane
< 2
2.0
> 8.8
decalin
6
2.18
3.2
dichlorosilane
n/a
n/a
n/a
diesel oil (purified)
∼0.1
∼2
∼100 (dissipation)
diethyl ether
30
4.6
1.4
1,4-dioxane
0.1
2.2
∼100 (dissipation)
ethyl benzene
30
2.3
0.68
gasoline (straight run)
∼0.1
∼2
∼100 (dissipation)
gasoline (unleaded)
< 50 (varies)
heptane (pure)
3 
× 10
−2
2.0
∼100 (dissipation)
hexane (pure)
1 
× 10
−5
1.90
∼100 (dissipation)
hexamethyldisilazane
29
n/a
n/a
isovaleric acid
40
2.64
> 0.58
jet fuel
0.01 – 50
2.2
0.39–100
kerosene
1 – 50
2.2
0.39–19
pentachlorodiphenyl
0.8
5.06
∼100
silicon tetrachloride
n/a
n/a
n/a
stearic acid (80
°C)
< 40
n/a
n/a
styrene monomer
10
2.43
2.2
sulfur (115
°C)
100
n/a
n/a
toluene
< 1
2.38
21
trichlorosilane
n/a
n/a
n/a
turpentine
22
n/a
n/a
xylene
0.1
2.38
∼100
Table B.2 Static Electric Characteristics of Liquids (Continued)
Liquid
Conductivity (pS/m)
Dielectric Constant
Relaxation Time
Constant (sec)
 (Sheet 5 of 5)
Approximately
6 in.
See NFPA 70
Ground rod connector
¹⁄₄-in. flexible bronze
(bare) ground cable
of required length
#1/0 – #1/C stranded, bare copper wire
building static grounding “bus”
typical arrangement, routed as close
to grounding point as possible

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77–
48
STATIC ELECTRICITY
2000 Edition
FIGURE C.1(b)
Small ground clamp.
FIGURE C.1(c)
Large ground clamp.
FIGURE C.1(d)
Pipe grounding jumper.
FIGURE C.1(e)
Typical grounding system for small volume 
solvent dispensing via drum tap.
FIGURE C.1(f)
Typical grounding system for small volume 
solvent dispensing via drum pump.
Sharp, hardened
stainless steel
contact points
¹⁄₈-in. stainless steel (bare)
grounding cable cut to
length required
Indented
connection
Ground clam
p
Bronze points with
carboloy tips and
double brass nuts
and lockwashers
Locking screw
Indented connection
¹⁄₄-in. or ³⁄₈-in.
flexible bronze
(bare) grounding cable
Pipe clamp
of required size
Solvent loading / unloading
pipe with swivel joint
¹⁄₄-in. bronze (bare) ground
cable of sufficient length
to allow pipe joint to flex
¹⁄₈-in. stainless steel
grounding cable
¹⁄₄-in.
stainless steel
grounding cable
Building static grounding “bus”
Connector
2 in. 
× 3 in. × ³⁄₁₆ in.
grounding tab
Open pail
Open pail with
grounding
cable
and clamp
Lugs mounted on flange
bolt of pump with 
¹⁄₈-in.
stainless steel grounding
cable and ground clamp
For attachment to tab
on building ground bus

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APPENDIX C