Summary The concept of the psyche

Chapter 3. The concept of the psyche and its evolution • 83
panze) location. In order to get food, it needs to use some devices, such as drawers or a stick. In these experiments, the distinctive features of animals that are at the stage of intellectual behavior were identified.
First, if at a lower stage of development, operations were formed gradually, by numerous trials and errors, then the stage of intellectual behavior is characterized first by a period of complete failure - many attempts, of which none is successful, and then, suddenly, to an animal comes the solution to the problem.
Secondly, if you repeat the experiment, the operation found, despite the fact that it was performed only once, will be reproduced relatively easily, that is, the monkey solves the problem immediately.
Thirdly, the monkey easily applies the found solution to the problem in other conditions similar to those in which the solution first appeared. For example, if after a monkey has learned to reach a fetus with a stick, to deprive it of this stick, then it will look for a similar object to solve the problem.
Fourth, animals at the stage of intellectual behavior are capable of combining in one act two consecutive independent operations, of which the first prepares the implementation of the second. For example, a monkey is in a cage with a banana suspended from the ceiling. Next to the cage are two sticks: short and long. A long stick lies at a distance inaccessible to the monkey, it can be reached using a short stick, which is very close. Since a monkey cannot reach a banana with a short stick, but it can reach a long one, it must first reach a long stick with a short stick and only then get a banana with a long stick.
Thus, during the transition to the third stage of animal development, there is a complication of their behavior. In the acts of behavior there is a phase of preparation for the execution of the main action. It is the presence of the preparation phase that makes up the characteristic feature of intellectual behavior. One can speak of intelligence when it becomes necessary to prepare for the implementation of an operation. At the same time, the new conditions for performing a certain operation cause not any “trial” actions in an animal, but an attempt to apply previously developed operations or skills.
It should also be noted that since the monkey is already able to connect two such subjects as the stick and the fruit, respectively, the level of intellectual behavior is characterized by the presence of some ability to generalize relationships and connections of things. The anatomical and physiological basis for the emergence and development of intelligence in animals is a fairly high level of development of the cerebral cortex, and in the first place - the frontal lobes. It has been experimentally proven that it is the so-called pre-frontal fields that determine the ability to perform two-phase tasks. If they are removed, the animal loses its ability to perform complex tasks.
Thus, we considered the main stages of behavior development in various animals. These stages are described by A. N. Leontiev. Later, on the basis of the latest zoopsychological data, K.E. Fabry developed Leontyev's views and once worked on the concept of developing the Leontyev-Fabry psyche. In this concept