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and 609 Rose Rosengard Subotnik, quoted on the dust jacket of Taruskin’s Text and Act. In The Oxford History of Western Music, Vol. 1, p. xxxii, Taruskin reveals her to be ‘my dear friend from those days [the 1960s]’ rather than an unbiased, objective reviewer. Cf. note 19 regarding ‘The Cock and Cuckoo’. 610 On Russian Music, p. 16. 611 Cf. pp. 54–55 above for his negative views of Lady Macbeth and the composer himself. He also views the Eighth Quartet as an ‘apologia’ to the composer’s own conscience for a lack of will in joining the Communist Party: by appropriating the prison song ‘Tortured by Grievous Unfreedom’ Shostakovich was ‘proclaiming his unfreedom and disclaiming responsibility for what he judged himself to be an act of cowardice, or, rather, a craven failure to act’ (Defining Russia Musically, pp. 494–95). 612 On Russian Music, p. 326. 182 Professor William Harkins Russian Institute School of International Affairs Dear Professor Harkins: Although my acquaintance with Solomon Volkov and his work is at present limited to one morning’s conversation and the perusal of a small body of articles and essays, I can confidently state that he is unquestionably the most impressive and accomplished among the Soviet emigré musicians and musicologists whom I have had occasion to meet in the last few years. Mr. Volkov had already made a mark in the musical life of the USSR at the time of his emigration. He had organized a chamber opera company in Leningrad, and at the time of his leaving he was a senior staff editor of Sovetskaia muzyka, the official organ of the USSR Composers Union. As a critic, he was a recognized authority on the young composers of Leningrad, and a respected and trusted intimate of many of them. He had also served one of them, Valery Arzumanov, as librettist. Mr. Volkov’s articles, however, were not mere echoes of an official line. Often sharply polemical, they were at times the focal point of controversy, and of official disapproval. As musicologist, Mr. Volkov has done most of his work in two areas — the psychology of musical perception and Russian musical life and thought at the turn of the century. His writings display a lively intelligence and as broad acquaintance with the relevant literature, both Russian and to an extent Western. His competence and training far surpasses that of any musicologist of his generation I have met. Mr. Volkov indicated to me in conversation that one of his major areas of interest is the composer Modest Musorgsky, particularly Musorgsky’s relations with the pochvenniki and the Slavophiles, and also the history of the reception and evaluation of Musorgsky’s work. It can easily be seen that both of these topics are potentially ‘political’ in Soviet eyes, and Mr. Volkov implied that carrying on such research was difficult in the ideological conditions that prevail in the USSR. He seemed eager to turn his attention to these questions once again. The work could yield important results in my opinion, and ought to be encouraged. Finally, you are probably aware that Mr. Volkov is acting in the capacity of literary executor for the late Dmitri Shostakovich. When it will be time for the preparation of Shostakovich’s memoirs for publication, Mr. Volkov will need library access and other advantages of university affiliation. The sponsorship of such a work would reflect credit, I believe, upon the Russian Institute and upon Columbia University generally. For all these reasons I am happy to endorse most heartily Mr. Volkov’s request and application for a research fellowship in the Russian Institute. I would be happy to discuss the matter further with you if you should desire it, and in general to assist in any way I can. Very truly yours, Richard F. Taruskin Assistant Professor of Music 613 613 Cf. Shostakovich Reconsidered, p. 300, for a facsimile of this letter. 183 Taruskin’s praise suddenly turned to scorn when Laurel Fay raised doubts about the memoirs in ‘Shostakovich versus Volkov: Whose Testimony?’ (1980). Far from sponsorship of Testimony reflecting ‘credit [. . .] upon the Russian Institute and upon Columbia University generally’, they and assistant professor Richard Taruskin, in particular, had become, in his words, ‘an early accomplice in what was, I later realized, a shameful exploitation. [. . .] The book was translated into a dozen languages. It won prizes. It became the subject of symposia. The reception of Testimony was the greatest critical scandal I have ever witnessed’. 614 With egg splattered squarely on his own face (he had, after all, vouched for the unknown Volkov with his own good name and reputation), Taruskin began in earnest a crusade to cleanse himself — usually by besmirching Volkov. In a letter to the editor of the Atlantic Monthly in 1995, the latter called attention to this curiously obsessive behavior: With some fascination I observe Richard Taruskin’s obvious obsession with me and with the book I’ve collaborated on: Testimony: The Memoirs of Dmitri Shostakovich. For more than a dozen years now he attacks it and tries to undermine its credibility in every publication and at every forum that will allow it. For me this obsession could be explained only in psychoanalytical terms. Many years ago, as a young emigre musicologist from Russia, I happened to influence decisively Richard Taruskin’s thinking on Mussorgsky and Stravinsky, the main figures of his future field of expertise. First profoundly grateful, later on he tried, apparently unsuccessfully, to come to terms with this interaction. So Taruskin’s struggle with me continues, not unlike the struggle of Stravinsky’s hapless Petrouchka against his Magician. 615 As suggested above, Taruskin’s interest in the ‘Shostakovich Wars’ also reflects, and probably is motivated in part by, a professional rivalry with Volkov. No other American-based writers have published so successfully and been so influential in the area of Russian music research, reaching both scholarly and more general audiences. Taruskin has been the more prolific and he has won the lion’s share of prestigious awards, including the Greenberg Prize (1978), Alfred Einstein Award (1980), Dent Medal (1987), two Kinkeldey Prizes (1997 and 2006), and ASCAP-Deems Taylor Award (1988). However, Volkov’s books have been published in more languages and in several areas, such as the understanding of Shostakovich, his music, and his cultural milieu, he has had the greater international impact with listeners, performers, and scholars. Testimony alone has been translated into some twenty languages and has sold half a million copies and Shostakovich and Stalin soon will be available in ten different languages. 614 Taruskin, ‘Dictator’, p. 34. 615 Cf. Shostakovich Reconsidered, p. 302, for a facsimile of this letter that was written in response to Taruskin’s article ‘Who was Shostakovich?’ 184 Particularly striking is the difference in reception of Taruskin’s and Volkov’s writings in contemporary Russia. Athough Taruskin, in the West, is often viewed as a leading commentator on Russian music, his publications are known in Russia only within a limited clique of academics, mostly in St. Petersburg, in the circle around Lyudmila Kovnatsakaya. Apparently, not a single book by Taruskin has been published in Russia in translation and he has had no discernible influence on the broader cultural discourse. On the other hand, five of Volkov’s books, starting with his Conversations with Joseph Brodsky (first issued in Moscow in 1998), have been published in Russian to great acclaim. In 2007, the influential Moscow magazine Novy Mir (The New World) called Shostakovich and Stalin ‘a masterpiece of cultural history’ and commented: ‘Amazingly, Volkov, a former dissident, has entered the contemporary mainstream of Russian cultural life’. 616 Similarly, in a review of Volkov’s The Magical Chorus: A History of Russian Culture from Tolstoy to Solzhenitsyn, Lev Danilkin, a leading Russian literary columnist, concluded: ‘Russian culture got extremely lucky with Volkov [. . .]. Volkov did for Russian literature the same thing that Karamzin did two hundred years earlier — he brought into it new genres. Ten years ago it was “Conversations with [Joseph Brodsky]”; now — “the popular history of a single subject” (The Magical Chorus)’. 617 New editions of Volkov’s books appear regularly and combined printings of these in Russian now run in the hundreds of thousands of copies. 618 Interestingly, Volkov and Taruskin’s paths to their confrontation were almost diametrically opposite. Volkov (born 1944) began his career in the USSR as a senior editor of Sovetskaya Muzyka. He also wrote numerous articles for this and other general publications, including a review of Shostakovich’s Eighth Quartet in Smena in 1960 that immediately acknowledged its significance in the repertory. Only after settling in the USA did he become the author of much admired books — e.g., St. Petersburg: A Cultural History (1995), Shostakovich and Stalin (2004), The Magical Chorus (2008), and Romanov Riches: Russian Writers and Artists Under the Tsars (2011) — and the editor of reminiscences by prominent Russian cultural figures. On the other hand, Taruskin (born 1945) began his career as a musicologist in the USA. He spent a relatively limited time in the USSR in 1971–72 doing research on Aleksandr Serov and others, and then went on to publish a number of scholarly tomes, including Opera and Drama in Russia as Preached and Practiced in the 1860s (1981/93), Musorgsky: Eight Essays and an Epilogue (1993), Text and Act: Essays on Music and Performance (1995), 616 Quoted on the dust jacket of Volkov’s The Magical Chorus: A History of Russian Culture from Tolstoy to Solzhenitsyn, Alfred A Knopf, New York, 2008; emphasis added. 617 Lev Danilkin, Numeratsiya s Khvosta: putevoditel’ po russkoi literature (Counting From the Tail: A Guide to Russian Literature), Moscow, Astrel’, 2009, pp. 255–56. Nikolay Mikhailovich Karamzin (1766– 1826) has been described as the most important Russian writer before Pushkin, the first Russian literary critic, and a respected historian best known for his Istoriya Gosudarstva Rossiiskago (History of the Russian Imperial State), eleven volumes of which were published before his death. 618 Volkov’s greater prominence in Russia is reflected in Irina Stepanova’s K 100-letiyu Shostakovicha. Vstupaya v vek vtoroy: spory prodolzhayutsya (To 100th Anniversary of Shostakovich: Onto the Second Century: Arguments Continue), Moscow, Fortuna, 2007. After making all the requisite stipulations, Stepanova proceeds to quote from Testimony some fifty times and from Volkov’s Shostakovich and Stalin four times. In contrast, Taruskin and Fay each are cited only twice, and Fay’s biography is ignored completely whereas Meyer’s is quoted six times. 185 Defining Russia Musically (1997), and Stravinsky and the Russian Traditions (1996). Only from 1985 did he branch out into writing for more ‘public’ as opposed to ‘academic’ audiences, in Opus, The New York Times, The Atlantic Monthly, The New Republic, and other publications. 619 Taruskin, too, would express his thoughts on Shostakovich’s Eighth Quartet. Unlike Volkov, however, he finds it a flawed work because of its lengthy and literal quotations and overly explicit meaning (first described in Testimony and then confirmed in a letter from Shostakovich to Glikman). 620 Although both Volkov and Taruskin are, without a doubt, brilliant, productive, and influential writers, even here the difference is significant. Volkov’s brilliance is in illuminating others. He was an early champion of the Soviet rock-and-roll movement and of nonconformist composers such as Arvo Pärt and Giya Kancheli, and he has encouraged iconic figures such as Shostakovich, George Balanchine, Joseph Brodsky, and Nathan Milstein to reveal their thoughts through him. 621 Taruskin’s brilliance, on the other hand, attracts attention to himself. Although he has praised a few figures such as Steve Reich, Vagn Holmboe, and Thomas Adès, has he truly championed them or had a positive impact on their careers? Probably not. Moreover, Taruskin usually does not report the news, he is the news; he does not share the spotlight with others, but basks in it himself. 1. ‘Tabloid Musicology’ One of Taruskin’s lasting ‘accomplishments’ may be the cultivation of a new type of journalism that we termed in Shostakovich Reconsidered ‘tabloid musicology’. Just as television news channels, newspapers, and magazines today are often dominated by political pundits, ‘talking heads’, and the like, so has the field of musicology, with Taruskin in the lead, moved in this direction. Taruskin is well aware that controversy sells 622 and relishes his role as ‘an agenda upsetter’ rather than an agenda setter. 623 Accordingly, rather than conducting in-depth, first-hand research like most scholars and making a more positive contribution to the discipline, the latter-day Taruskin spends a significant amount of time spouting opinions, editorializing on the work of others, and even adopting other peoples’ ideas without credit. 624 This is particularly true of his role 619 Taruskin, The Danger of Music, University of California Press, Berkeley, 2009, p. ix (hereafter Danger of Music). 620 Cf. note 431 above. 621 Cf. Balanchine’s Tchaikovsky: Conversations with Balanchine on His Life, Ballet, and Music, New York, 1985; From Russia to the West: The Music Memoirs and Reminiscences of Nathan Milstein, New York, 1990; Joseph Brodsky in New York, New York, 1990; and Remembering Anna Akhmatova: Conversations with Joseph Brodsky, Moscow, 1992. 622 Cf. ‘UO Today Show No. 382’, Taruskin’s interview with Steve Shankman at the University of Oregon, on the Internet at Download Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
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