SW(Final8/31) Written by Allan B. Ho and Dmitry Feofanov
Appendices 1. A Testimony
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Appendices 1. A Testimony Timeline 1971–74 Solomon Volkov and Shostakovich have dozens of conversations during this period. The first meeting is in Repino, July 1971; some of the others mentioned by Volkov in St. Petersburg: A Cultural History take place in 1972, 1973, and 1974, in Moscow. Attempts to have the memoirs published in the USSR are unsuccessful because of its controversial material: it is turned down both by Sovetskaya Muzyka and the Novosti Press Agency. Shostakovich then asks Volkov to have it published in the West, but only after his death. As work progresses, Shostakovich looks over ‘some larger sections and chapters’. 1972–74 Shostakovich tells Flora Litvinova that he is meeting constantly with a young Leningrad musicologist to tell him everything he remembers about his works and himself. 1974 Volkov organizes the material into longer chapters and has the text typed in spring. As soon as each chapter is ready, he gives it to Shostakovich, who examines it and as proof of his approval, writes at the head of each chapter ‘Chital. D. Shostakovich’. These chapters are then returned to Volkov via Irina Shostakovich. The only typescript is hidden in the apartment of a Russian couple, according to Swedish musicologist Christer Bouij. 710 Volkov later arranges for it to be smuggled out of the USSR, piecemeal, by various couriers. 13 November 1974 Shostakovich signs the frontispiece photo and asks Volkov about the typescript. Volkov tells him that it is already ‘in the West’. February 1975 Volkov applies for an exit visa for himself and his wife. His principal motivation for emigrating is to arrange for publication of Shostakovich’s memoirs in the West, but only after the composer’s death, as agreed upon earlier. 9 August 1975 Shostakovich dies. 17 January 1976 Henry Orlov first learns about a book of Shostakovich’s memoirs, ‘in general terms, without any details’, during his final weeks in the Soviet Union. At Anatoly Naiman’s place, Orlov meets Volkov, who arrives after attending a meeting at the Union of 710 Cf. note 237 above. 222 Composers. At the latter, Khrennikov, in the presence of Irina Antonovna Shostakovich, demands that Volkov ‘put the manuscript on the table’ and threatens that otherwise Volkov would never leave the Soviet Union. Volkov replies that he is unable to put the manuscript on the table because it has already been sent abroad. 711 This is consistent with what Volkov told Shostakovich on 13 November 1974 (above). March 1976 Irina Shostakovich informs Volkov of his permission to emigrate to the West. Because he and his wife do not want to be caught carrying his notes, with the KGB looking for anything dealing with Testimony, these are left with his mother-in-law. Even Volkov does not know what happened to his notes after his mother-in-law died, whether they were destroyed, thrown out by accident, became a part of the KGB archives, or something else. According to Volkov, his mother-in-law was ‘invited’ to speak with the KGB. After emigrating, Volkov and his wife meet Orlov in Rome. 712 June 1976 Volkov arrives in New York and begins seeking a publisher for the memoirs. 17 July 1976 Richard Taruskin writes a letter supporting Volkov’s application for a research fellowship at the Russian Institute, Columbia University, describing him as ‘unquestionably the most impressive and accomplished among the Soviet emigré musicians and musicologists whom I have had occasion to meet in the last few years’. Already at this early date, he mentions that Volkov will be preparing the composer’s memoirs for publication. 713 23 September 1976 Volkov writes a letter to Orlov in which he expresses concern that not all the material will arrive on time, and that he ‘might be obliged to tinker around’ with the book for maybe another two years. He also mentions that ‘a certain publisher is interested in “the idea of Shostakovich’s memoirs”’, and that they have asked him for the name of someone in the West who already knew about 711 Kovnatskaya, A Shostakovich Casebook, pp. 118–19. Orlov moved to the USA in 1976, where he held positions at Cornell University (1976–77), Harvard University (1977–78), and Wesleyan University in Middletown, Connecticut (1979–81). 712 Ibid., p. 119. 713 For the complete letter and a facsimile of it, cf. p. 182 above and Shostakovich Reconsidered, pp. 37– 38, respectively. Although The New Shostakovich, p. 4, states that Volkov was ‘known to have been preparing a conventional biography of Shostakovich’, Clarke, who revised and corrected the text of the new edition, confirmed in an email of 1 November 2006 that this passage is ‘a mistake which I should have spotted. There is no evidence that SV ever planned a conventional biography’. 223 these memoirs while still in Russia. Volkov mentions Orlov as ‘the most prominent Shostakovich specialist’. 714 10 October 1976 Orlov, in a letter, expresses his support for Volkov as well as his ‘willingness to write an introduction for the book’. 715 25 October 1976 Volkov, in a letter, responds that ‘he never dreamed of the possibility of getting an introduction from Orlov’. 716 1978 Orlov meets Volkov in Boston, where the latter gives two lectures at Harvard University. According to the former, ‘Volkov was even then very much in a state of consternation, because all parts of the manuscript had still not arrived. As he described it, they were arriving through various channels. He held onto these pieces of the manuscript with a passion, not letting any of them out of his hands, saying he was surrounded by “capitalist sharks”’. However, ‘Volkov never said a thing about its contents or showed me a single line of text from the manuscript’. 717 by 1978 Harper and Row begins negotiating for and authenticating the manuscript. In preparing the English translation, Ann Harris, Testimony’s in-house editor, and perhaps others, delete and rearrange portions of the text. These changes were not made to hide the presence of recycled texts, which would only be discovered later (after publication, in 1980), but to improve the text’s effectiveness and readability. Moreover, most of Harper and Row’s changes were not followed in the German and Finnish editions. 22 November 1978 N. Kartsov and G. Krestova, two officials of VAAP, question Irina Shostakovich, who explains that she did not inform VAAP earlier about the memoirs because ‘everybody concerned knew about the conversations, including the journal Sovetskaia muzyka. [. . .] For the moment I do not see any reason for concern. After all, the book may well contain only Dmitri Dmitrievich’s autobiographical commentary, in which case there is no reason to object’. 718 714 Kovnatskaya, A Shostakovich Casebook, p. 118. Volkov’s ‘tinkering’ involved writing and revising the notes that accompany the main text. The earliest version, which tends to be shorter and more basic but sometimes includes additional information, appears in the German edition whereas revised versions are found in the English and Finnish. 715 Ibid., p. 118. 716 Ibid., p. 118. 717 Ibid., p. 119. 718 Bogdanova, A Shostakovich Casebook, p. 93. 224 29 November 1978 P. Gavrilov, head of the Legal Services Department of VAAP, advises Harper and Row that Irina Shostakovich has authorized VAAP to represent her legal rights by requesting the text of the manuscript, since ‘the publisher had not approached her in conjunction with the publication of the manuscript, and its nature was unknown to her’. 719 6 December 1978 Edward A. Miller, vice president and general counsel of Harper and Row, responds (this is mentioned in his teletype of 2 February 1979), but VAAP claims not to have received this. 720 13 December 1978 Irina, Maxim, and Galina Shostakovich appeal to the vice president of Harper and Row, Robert E. Bench: ‘Once again we confirm the need to receive promptly from you information about the book . . . . We would hope that, having undertaken this publication, you are conscious of your responsibility in matters related to the protection of Dmitri Shostakovich’s name and copyright’. 721 14 December 1978 The Minutes of the Cultural Department of the Party’s Central Committee, titled ‘Concerning Measures for Propagandizing and Preserving D. D. Shostakovich’s Creative Legacy’, lists measures to brand Testimony as an ‘anti-Soviet forgery that discredits the name of a great composer . . .’ 722 and to distribute materials that would display the ‘Soviet’ Shostakovich. Soon thereafter, Grigor’yev and Platek’s Shostakovich: About Himself and His Times is published. 2 February 1979 Miller of Harper and Row declares in a teletype message: ‘Shostakovich’s heirs have no rights at all to this work, and their permission is not required to publish it’. 723 21 February 1979 VAAP notifies the publisher that, based on the company’s response, it is unclear whether Harper and Row is preparing to publish some sort of ‘memoirs’ by Shostakovich himself or a book about him by another author. ‘If you intend to identify Dmitry Shostakovich as the author of the forthcoming book, then the claims of his heirs remain in force’. 724 719 Brown, A Shostakovich Casebook, pp. 90 and 93. 720 Ibid., p. 91. 721 Ibid., p. 90. 722 Bogdanova, A Shostakovich Casebook, p. 94. 723 Brown, A Shostakovich Casebook, p. 91. 724 Ibid., p. 91. 225 April 1979 Harper and Row announces that it will publish the memoirs of Shostakovich at the end of the year. Spring 1979 The Russian text is made available by Harper and Row for preparation of the German edition. Heddy Pross-Weerth completes her translation in summer 1979. 725 Per Skans first learns details about the Shostakovich memoirs from Seppo Heikinheimo. 1 June 1979 Shostakovich’s family protests once more against the publication of any works by the composer without their prior written consent, stating that ‘We are not aware that D. Shostakovich gave his consent to anyone to publish his materials posthumously’. 726 5 June 1979 Yury Rudakov, Assistant Chairman of the VAAP directorate, writes to Miller of Harper and Row: ‘The copyright of an author’s words — which are, as is well known, among the property subject to copyright — pass after the author’s death to his heirs. . . . Without the consent of the heirs of D. Shostakovich, the publisher has no right to publish the work in question’. 727 9 August 1979 Harris, of Harper and Row, writes a letter to Orlov asking him to evaluate the Russian typescript. Orlov does not find the terms acceptable. 26 August 1979 Harris makes a second offer to Orlov, with a slight modification in terms, which he accepts. 27 August 1979 Orlov examines the Russian typescript for four hours in Boston. 728 28 August 1979 Orlov writes his reader’s report and submits it to Harper and Row, noting that besides Shostakovich’s inscriptions at the beginning of each chapter, there are no other alterations. 729 This is consistent with what Volkov has always said about the original typescript. The German and Finnish translators also did not mention or recall any alterations in the copies of the Russian text they received from Harper and Row. 725 Letter from Pross-Weerth, 22 February 2000. 726 Brown, A Shostakovich Casebook, p. 91. 727 Ibid., p. 91. 728 Kovnatskaya, A Shostakovich Casebook, p. 104. 729 Ibid., pp. 111–16. 226 Late August 1979 Gennady Rozhdestvensky reads proofs of the English translation while he is in London. 730 September 1979 Heikinheimo loans an altered copy of the Russian text to Skans, who arranges for a photocopy of this material to be deposited into the Swedish Radio Library. The source of this typescript is unknown. Heikinheimo mentions that he will be translating the Russian text of this ‘sensational book’ into Finnish 731 and he also begins to show this altered typescript to some fifty others and makes (or allows others to make) additional copies, including, apparently, the Moscow typescript now in the Shostakovich Family Archive. Mid-Sept. 1979 Skans reads the Russian text and comments on Testimony in a Swedish Radio broadcast. 732 12 October 1979 Werner Söderström OY [WSOY] boasts that it has acquired a ‘preliminary reservation’ to publish the Finnish translation of Testimony, which is scheduled for the following year in its prestigious biography series ‘Profiili’. 733 13 October 1979 Otava disputes the statement by WSOY and claims that it has acquired the ‘decisive engagement’ to publish the Finnish translation. A proper agreement will be signed after the Frankfurt Book Fair. 734 14 October 1979 Skans translates and reads part of Heikinheimo’s Russian typescript during a Swedish Radio broadcast. 730 Heikinheimo, Mätämunan muistelmat, p. 391. 731 Inexplicably, Heikinheimo, in both his own memoirs and the Finnish edition of Testimony, provides a different chronology of his work with the Russian text. Cf. notes 734, 739, and 775 below. 732 Cf. note 254. 733 ‘Shostakovitshin muistelmat suomeksi’ (‘Shostakovich’s Memoirs into Finnish’), Ilta-Sanomat, 12 October 1979, p. 21. 734 ‘Shostakovitshin teos kiistakapulana’ (‘Shostakovich’s Book as an Apple of Discord’), Helsingin Sanomat, 13 October 1979, p. 22. According to Heikinheimo in Mätämunan muistelmat, p. 391, Ms. Eila Mellin of Otava snatched the translation rights from under the nose of some WSOY employees at the Frankfurt Book Fair, which is held in early October each year. WSOY had already announced that they would publish the Finnish edition of Testimony in 1980, but Ms. Mellin was quicker at the Fair and secured the rights for Otava. Ms. Mellin, in a phone conversation with Dr. Markus Lång, 28 February 2006, confirmed the details of this race between rival publishers. It appears that Heinkinheimo himself had pitched the idea of a Finnish edition of Testimony to Otava and possibly WSOY, despite his claim that Huovinen of Otava invited him to translate it. In a letter to Lång (4 April 2006), Huovinen confirmed that it was Heikinheimo who first learned of Testimony and initiated interest at Otava in a Finnish edition, and not the other way around. Heikinheimo was a prominent figure in Finnish musical circles and had had projects printed by both publishers prior to his work on the Shostakovich memoirs. 227 29 October 1979 Otava and Harper and Row sign an agreement for preparation of the Finnish edition. 735 Late Sept.–Oct. 1979 Extended excerpts from the German translation, Zeugenaussage, appear in Der Spiegel Nos. 38–40 to generate interest in the forthcoming book. 736 31 October 1979 The English (Harper and Row) and German (Albrecht Knaus) editions are released. In preparing the latter, Pross-Weerth worked independently from Harper and Row. She never saw the English translation by Antonina W. Bouis until 2000 when she requested that Ho send her a copy for comparison. Her edition apparently represents the earliest stage of the published book, without the changes later made in the English and Finnish translations. Moreover, the notes in the German edition differ from those in the English, tending to be shorter and more basic, while also including material that is absent in the other translations. 735 Email from Kaija Luoto of Otava to Markus Lång, 14 March 2006, based on evidence in the publisher’s archives. 736 These included the following notable topics: No. 38, pp. 226–249 [from Testimony, Chapter 4] 226–30 Shostakovich’s account of reading Pravda in Arkhangelsk; 227 Pravda article translated in extenso; 230–33 Tukhachevsky; 233–36 Fourth Symphony; 236–41 Zhilyayev, Gachev, Stalin and music, including his wish for a work like Beethoven’s Ninth; 244ff Russian composers being bad public relations agents for themselves; Eisenstein and Wagner; No. 39, pp. 230–248 [from Testimony, Chapters 4 and 6] 230 How everyone believed in Stalin; 231–36 Seventh, Eighth, and Ninth Symphonies; Wendell Willkie; and Khrennikov wanting to crush Shostakovich; 236–44 Muradeli, The Great Friendship; the 1948 affair, including the Central Committee’s Decree, Zhdanov, Stalin’s phone call about travel to he USA for the World Peace Conference, and the journey; 244 His ‘worst works’, quotation from Chekhov: ‘I write anything except denunciations’; 246 Stalin and religion, Glinka’s Ivan Susanin; 248 Yudina’s hasty recording of Mozart’s Concerto No. 23; No. 40, pp. 221–41 [from Testimony, Chapter 6 and 8] 221ff Ghostwriter stories, Dzhambul Dzhabayev, the murder of Ukrainian singers, Stalin and films; 233ff Story of Khrennikov soiling his pants before Stalin, Shostakovich’s own encounter with Stalin, and the national anthem competition. 228 14 November 1979 Testimony and Volkov are harshly criticized in the Soviet press (Literaturnaya Gazeta, 46, p. 8). 27 November 1979 Heikinheimo receives the Russian text from Harper and Row for translation into Finnish. c. 4 December 1979 Heikinheimo lends a copy of the Russian text to Mstislav Rostropovich. 15 December 1979 Elmer Schönberger reproduces in Vrij Nederland the first page of Chapter 2 of Testimony from the Russian text in the possession of Mark Lubotsky. Since Lubotsky was associated with Heikinheimo, this copy likely stems from Heikinheimo’s altered typescript. Dec. 1979–Feb. 1980 Heikinheimo delivers his Finnish translation to Pentti Huovinen of Otava on 27 December, then leaves for San Francisco. Extended excerpts of this appear in Helsingin Sanomat to generate interest in the forthcoming book, Dmitri Šostakovitšin muistelmat. 737 January 1980 Heikinheimo visits Volkov in New York for help to complete and polish his translation of the Russian text of Testimony into Finnish. Heikinheimo appears to have completed his edition by February 1980, the date of his translator’s preface. Late March 1980 Otava publishes the Finnish edition. Because it appears five months after the English and German editions, Heikinheimo has the opportunity to examine those, incorporate some of the changes made to the main text of the Harper and Row, and modify the notes. In some of the latter, the Finnish edition follows the German (apparently the earliest version), in others the English or a conflation of the two. 737 Heikinheimo, Mätämunan muistelmat, pp. 392–93. Cf. ‘Shostakovitshin muistelmat’, Helsingin Sanomat, 30 December 1979, pp. 11–12 (from pp. 125–36, the end of Chapter 3 of the book; this also includes ‘Näin Volkov keräsi tiedot’ (‘This is How Volkov Collected the Information’), from pp. 5–12, Volkov’s introduction in the book); ‘Dmitri Shostakovitsh: Pravda muutti musiikin sekasotkuksi’ (‘Dmitry Shostakovich: Pravda Changed Music into Muddle’), Helsingin Sanomat, 6 January 1980, pp. 17–18 (from pp. 137–47, the beginning of Chapter 4 of the book); and ‘Dmitri Shostakovitsh: ‘Leningrad- sinfonia soi Stalinin tuhoamalle kaupungille’ (‘Leningrad Symphony Honors the City that Stalin Destroyed’), Helsingin Sanomat, 12 January 1980, pp. 29–30 (from pp. 186–97, the beginning of Chapter 5 of the book). In his review of the Finnish National Opera Orchestra’s performance of Shostakovich’s Ninth Symphony (‘Sinfonia johon Stalin raivostui’ (‘The Symphony that Infuriated Stalin’), Helsingin Sanomat, 20 February 1980), p. 18, Heikinheimo also included six paragraphs from the book, pp. 171–73, concerning the première and fate of this work. 229 October 1980 Laurel Fay’s article ‘Shostakovich versus Volkov: Whose Testimony?’ is published in the Russian Review, questioning the authenticity of the memoirs. 1992–98 Ho and Feofanov investigate the Testimony controversy. 1997–98 Testimony’s original Russian typescript is sold to a private collector, whose identify remains unknown. June 1998 Ho and Feofanov’s Shostakovich Reconsidered is published. 6 January 1999 Skans informs Ho of a copy of the Heikinheimo typescript in the Swedish Radio Archive. At the time Shostakovich Reconsidered was published we were unaware of the extent of the alterations in this copy. Therefore, Fay’s claim that we misled readers about the location of the first signature is false. As far as we have been been able to ascertain, the first signature is on page 003 of Heikinheimo’s altered typescript and its derivatives, but was described as being at the ‘beginning of the chapter’ by Heikinheimo himself, Pross-Weerth, Orlov, and Harris, all of whom worked with a different, unaltered typescript in 1979. 15 February 1999 Volkov appears at a well-publicized open forum at the Mannes College of Music with Ho, Feofanov, and Ashkenazy, to answer questions about Testimony. None of the principal detractors of the memoirs, such as Fay, Taruskin, or Brown, attend. 25 April 1999 Ho and Feofanov first examine the Heikinheimo typescript. September 2000 Fay examines a photocopy of a Russian typescript of Testimony in the Shostakovich Family Archive in Moscow, with alterations apparently duplicating those in the Heikinheimo typescript. March 2004 Brown’s A Shostakovich Casebook is published. In her article on the Moscow typescript, Fay, four years later, still does not provide any details on its provenance, how it came to be in the Moscow archive, or who made the alterations, none of which were mentioned or recalled by witnesses who examined or worked with the Russian typescript circulated by Harper and Row in 1979. December 2005 Maxim Shostakovich attends, as a guest of honor, the launching of the Czech edition of Testimony. 2005–11 The ‘Shostakovich Wars’ is researched and prepared for publication. |
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