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- 3. Academic Integrity Intellectual Honesty
700 Mitchinson, A Shostakovich Casebook, p. 315. 701 The New Yorker, 80/25, 6 September 2004, pp. 164–66; on the Internet at revisionist’ camp. In the Acknowlegments in his book The Rest is Noise, Picador, New York, 2007, p. 664, he mentions Laurel Fay among the ‘brilliant group of scholars and experts who read and commented on parts of the manuscript’ and then salutes ‘Richard Taruskin, a major influence on my writing, [who] performed merciless surgery to merciful effect’. Taruskin reciprocated by writing a promotional statement reproduced at the front of the book. 213 Petersburg’s culture! What did he have in common with it? I’ll tell you how he appeared in Leningrad. Will you listen? Solomon Volkov showed up in the Opera Studio of the Leningrad Conservatory as a second-rate orchestra player. He found out about my friendship with Shostakovich without much difficulty and, because of that, sought my company. In a mournful tone he informed me that he is not allowed to advance, told me about the hardship of his parents, who were living, I think, in Riga. Out of politeness, I sympathized with him. In fact, he shed his tears in front of others as well. He shed tears, he annoyed people, how he moaned. At that time the Opera Studio began preparations for a staging of a talented opera Rothschild’s Violin by Veniamin Fleishman, who perished at the front. (Not long before the end of the war D. D. Shostakovich completed this opera of his favorite student and orchestrated it.) I took an active part in these preparations. Volkov asked to allow him in, to allow him to participate in these preparations. Unfortunately, his participation — although Volkov himself at that time was a completely insignificant figure — resulted in negative consequences for the fate of this wonderful opera, because he, behind the stage, made noises emphasizing the Jewish theme of the opera, which already raised many questions among opponents of the production. I remember I had to deliver a spirited speech in defense of the opera at the meeting of the scientific counsel of the Leningrad Conservatory, which had to approve the staging. I was supported by some members of the counsel, but they were in the minority. The staging was not allowed. Rothschild’s Violin was no more lucky in Moscow. D. D. Shostakovich, who was a consultant of the Bolshoi Theater, tried to interest the Bolshoi in the staging. But he was not successful, and very much regretted this. It came to light later that Volkov transferred to Moscow, befriended a Leningrad composer who was a student of Shostakovich, Boris Tishchenko, who brought him to Dmitry Dmitriyevich’s home. So, once Dmitry Dmitriyevich, during a meeting with me, asked, ‘Tell him please, who is this Solomon Volkov?’ He asked this question in a humorous tone, hinting at the strange combination of the first name with the last name. This question Dmitry Dmitriyevich asked me three times, each time in the same form: ‘Who is this Solomon Volkov?’ Dmitry Dmitriyevich could not imagine then what this Volkov would be capable of for the love of money, and allowed him to his home. In fact, Volkov’s name had not been mentioned in any of almost three hundred letters of Shostakovich to me. But Dmitry Dmitriyevich in his letters, full of numerous names, wrote to me sometimes about people whom he barely knew. 214 Glikman’s portrayal of Volkov as a ‘second-rate orchestra player’, who asked to be allowed to participate, is false. The latter actually was the Artistic Director of the Experimental Studio of Chamber Opera from 1965–70 and, as such, was the principal figure in the staging of Rothschild’s Violin. Indeed, Volkov’s lead role is acknowledged in Yelena Silina’s article on the work 702 and on the printed program for this première (cf. the facsimile below) that, again contrary to Glikman, did take place on 24 April 1968. Facsimile of the program for the première staging of Veniamin Fleishman’s ‘Rothschild’s Violin’, identifying S. Volkov as the Artistic Director of the Experimental Studio of Chamber Opera. On the other hand, evidence of Glikman’s so-called ‘active part’ in this event is sorely lacking. Although Rothschild’s Violin is mentioned three times in Story of a Friendship, on pp. xxvii, 23, and 239, not one word is said about Glikman’s involvement in its première, either in Shostakovich’s letters or in the commentaries accompanying them, and Glikman is not mentioned on the program itself or in published discussions of the opera. Volkov, in a phone conversation on 31 January 2009, explained that it was 702 ‘Veniamin Fleishman, Uchenik Shostakovicha’ (‘Veniamin Fleishman, A Student of Shostakovich’), in Kovnatskaya (ed.), D. D. Shostakovich, p. 384: ‘[Rothschild’s Violin’s] premiere took place at the Leningrad Conservatory, at the Experimental Studio of Chamber Opera (artistic director Solomon Volkov, stage director Vitaly Fialkovsky, conductor Yury Kochnev), as part of the student festival “Young Composers of Russia”’. Volkov also is identified as the Artistic Director of the Experimental Studio of Chamber Opera on announcements for two of its other programs in 1969 on file with the authors. Neither mentions Glikman. 215 Glikman who later ‘tried to attach himself to the project’ as a liaison between Volkov’s group and Shostakovich. However, such a go-between was unnecessary and, although Shostakovich himself could not attend this première, his son ‘came in his stead as a guest of honor’. 703 Glikman’s claim that Shostakovich didn’t know who Volkov was and asked three times ‘Who is this Solomon Volkov?’ is refuted by the photographs and inscriptions in Testimony itself, the earliest of which dates from 1965, as well as the preface Shostakovich contributed to Volkov’s first book, Young Composers of Leningrad (1971; facsimile on p. 25 above). Clearly Shostakovich knew very well who Volkov was long before Glikman’s note of 20 November 1979. Shostakovich’s failure to mention Volkov in his more than 300 letters to Glikman also is not surprising given the latter’s harsh opinion of Volkov and the fact that most of this correspondence dates from before work on the memoirs began in 1971. 704 If Glikman resented Volkov’s involvement in the Rothschild’s Violin première — staged by the Experimental Studio of Chamber Opera, which was not officially a part of the Leningrad Conservatory’s opera program to which Glikman was attached — would he have welcomed the news that that same ‘insignificant, second-rate orchestra player’ had been selected over him to work on Shostakovich’s memoirs? We think not. Instead Shostakovich kept silent about Volkov and, so as not to offend his longtime friend, simply dismissed the entire notion of memoirs when Glikman offered his own assistance: ‘I know how to write music, not memoirs’, period. Glikman’s lack of objectivity and personal bias against Volkov is abundantly clear in the audio recording of his conversations with Izbitser upon which the above-quoted text is based. There Glikman says to Izbitser, ‘and in the letters to me he [Shostakovich] never mentions the name Volkov. He never mentions Khentova either, but don’t mention Khentova, just say he never mentions Volkov’. 705 In conclusion, by focusing almost exclusively on eight of the 400-plus pages of the typescript, the critics of Testimony continue to demonstrate the very same musicological myopia bemoaned in the memoirs itself. 706 Does a proper scholar examine less than 2% of a text while assessing its authenticity and accuracy? Imagine a score being discovered in a copyist’s hand. Does the scholar rule out the music being by a particular composer simply because it is not in his hand, or does he seek and consider all of the evidence? Taruskin, for example, has attempted to separate the issue of accuracy from authenticity. Of course, they are not the same thing, but the accuracy of so many minute, unknown, and controversial details in Testimony can, we believe, shed valuable light on the memoirs’ authenticity. 703 Solomon Volkov ‘Dmitri Shostakovich’s “Jewish Motive”: A Creative Enigma’, in Kuhn, p. 7. Also cf. Volkov’s ‘Letter to the Editor’, Tempo, 207, December 1998, p. 55 that corrects the oft-repeated misconception that Maxim conducted this première, 704 Only twenty letters from July 1971 forward are included in Story of a Friendship, pp. 181–97. This constitutes only 6% of the total. 705 Transcribed and translated from the audio recording provided by Izbitser to Alan Mercer, the editor of DSCH Journal. 706 Testimony, p. 199. 216 We should ponder how the young, inexperienced Volkov, after only three meetings with Shostakovich, could have known about so many aspects of the composer’s life and works, been correct in so many details disputed by Shostakovich scholars and experts in a variety of other fields, and even duplicated the composer’s speech so well as to fool the composer’s children and close friends. 707 Indeed, if Volkov fabricated the Shostakovich memoirs, he would have to be not only America’s but the world’s most brilliant musicologist. 3. Academic Integrity & Intellectual Honesty Our own interest in the ‘Shostakovich Wars’ has always concerned academic integrity and intellectual honesty. Despite the evidence corroborating Testimony that has poured out of Russia since the collapse of the Soviet regime in 1991, the Shostakovich and Russian music experts who made their careers attacking the memoirs and Volkov have remained silent. One would think it their scholarly obligation to look for and to report all of the evidence, even that at odds with their own hypotheses and positions. But they have not. Unfortunately, integrity and honesty are no longer prized as they once were, nor even welcomed in some circles. While one may disagree with our conclusion that Testimony is accurate and authentic, scholars, at the least, should stand up for thorough investigation of an issue, followed by full disclosure of the facts, in proper context and in timely fashion. We neither claim nor aspire to be ‘Shostakovich experts’. On the contrary, we merely pose questions that the latter refuse to ask, for whatever reason: complacency, cover-up, or incompetence. Without our efforts, how much information, how many connections would have been left undocumented, and how much inaccurate information and rumor would have been accepted as truth? Would readers have learned that • Shostakovich told Flora Litvinova between 1972 and 1974 about meeting constantly with a young Leningrad musicologist to tell him everything he remembers about himself and his works, and that she believes, in retrospect, that he was referring to Volkov and to Testimony, as does Elizabeth Wilson; 707 Savenko notes in ‘Shostakovich’s Literary Style’, Shostakovich in Context, pp. 44–45 (emphasis added) that Dmitry Shostakovich certainly possessed a highly individual literary style. This style had certain innate and, as it were, genetic qualities which appeared when he was young and remained virtually unchanged for the rest of his life. These were above all his simplicity of vocabulary (more ‘elemental’ than plebian) and simplicity of syntax, a partial result of which was a direct and unambiguous discourse. [. . .] his particular ‘plain style’ is individual enough to be extremely hard to imitate or counterfeit. The convoluted and prolix style of the articles attributed to Shostakovich from the 1950s to the 1970s show a marked contrast with this precise syntax. Unfortunately, Savenko does not comment on the literary style in Testimony, probably because she did not have access to the Russian text. 217 • Others knew about Volkov’s meetings with Shostakovich to work on his memoirs as these were in progress, including Galina Drubachevskaya and Yury Korev at Sovetskaya Muzyka, Rostislav Dubinsky, Karen Khachaturian, Vladimir Krainev, Anatoly Kuznetsov, Mark Lubotsky, and Maxim Shostakovich; • Shostakovich looked over portions of these memoirs before they were typed in spring 1974 and submitted for his final approval, and thus could provide input and make some corrections; • Maxim and Irina Shostakovich have confirmed that Shostakovich was thinking of writing his memoirs late in life, and that the motto he chose from Balzac is consistent with the honesty and truthfulness of Testimony: the ‘conscience [of true artists] can never be bought or sold. These writers and artists will be faithful to their art even on the steps of their scaffold’; • Maxim and Galina Shostakovich, after the fall of the Soviet regime in 1991, have not only praised both Volkov and Testimony, but contributed the Introduction to the second Russian edition of his book Shostakovich and Stalin (2006); • Maxim attended, as a guest of honor, the launching of the Czech edition of Testimony in December 2005; • Russians who have read the Russian text, including Maxim and Galina Shostakovich, Rudolf Barshai, Dubinsky, Lubotsky, Il’ya Musin, Rodion Shchedrin, and Yury Temirkanov, recognize Shostakovich’s characteristic voice in it; • Only two of the signatories of ‘Pitiful Forgery’ have been shown to have had any familiarity with the text of Testimony (via a sight- read reverse translation by a representative of Khrennikov, according to Elena Basner) and none had read it for themselves before they denounced it; • Irina’s recent statements about Volkov and Testimony are refuted by a wealth of other evidence; • Fay’s claim that the Moscow typescript is an accurate reproduction of the original typescript and a copy of what Volkov showed around while trying to obtain a publisher is seriously undermined by other evidence. In fact, this typescript has many significant alterations that Fay fails to account for, does not correlate with the English translation ‘word-for-word’ as she states, appears to stem from the altered text of unknown provenance circulated by Seppo 218 Heikinheimo, and is inconsistent with the statements and recollections of four independent witnesses (Ann Harris, Seppo Heikinheimo, Henry Orlov, and Heddy Pross-Weerth) who worked with the Russian text in 1979; • Brown’s side-by-side comparison of passages in Testimony and earlier articles is not always accurate in punctuation or even words, but tries to make the latter conform as closely as possible to Bouis’s English translation while ignoring differences such as paragraph breaks; • Many of Testimony’s most controversial passages now have been corroborated, multiple times, by other sources; • Details in Testimony questioned by Shostakovich scholars such as Orlov and Fay, literature experts such as Aleksey Panteleyev, and a film historian turn out repeatedly to be true; • Suggestions that Lev Lebedinsky or Leo Arnshtam helped Volkov fabricate Testimony are based on the flimsiest conjectures, such as Nikolskaya’s perception of a ‘hint’ by Lebedinsky; • Shostakovich himself distinguished between his own intended meanings of works such as the Seventh Symphony and Eighth Quartet and the meanings assigned by others; • Leading Russian scholars stress the need to view Shostakovich’s music in its proper historical context to decipher its hidden meanings and to fully understand and appreciate it, rather than listening to it as ‘pure’ music and abstract sounds; and finally, • Scholars such as Fay, Taruskin, and Brown, who claim to be seeking the truth about Testimony and Shostakovich, repeatedly don’t ask and don’t tell, don’t seek and, thus, don’t find. Unfortunately, the ‘Shostakovich Wars’ will probably never be resolved to everyone’s satisfaction for several reasons: (1) the original Russian typescript was not made available for study early on; (2) scholars such as Fay, who were thought to be doing a thorough, objective investigation of the memoirs were, in fact, mainly interested in supporting their own position; and (3) key people who knew about the genesis of Testimony are now dead. If we cannot examine the original typescript or speak to the dead, the least scholars can do is report what is known, which is what we have endeavored to do in Shostakovich Reconsidered and the present text. We leave it to others to judge whether something that looks like a duck, walks like a duck, and quacks like a duck is, in fact, a duck. 219 We end with two passages from A Shostakovich Casebook that merit repeating. First, Levon Hakobian acknowledges that the authenticity of Testimony has for a long time needed no further proof: virtually everything in the book has been confirmed one way or another by information from independent sources. 708 This conclusion — along with Henry Orlov’s illuminating words from 1976 that anticipate the view of Shostakovich in Testimony, The New Shostakovich, Shostakovich Reconsidered, and the present book — must come as a shock to anti-revisionists such as Fay, Taruskin, and Brown: Despite forced confessions and compromises, under a host of watchful eyes, Shostakovich managed to remain honest in his music. His music was a testament in which, through the patchwork of covers, musical metaphors, and cleverly suggested allusions, the author’s personality and convictions were clearly perceived. His music was also a sermon because he, like Dostoevsky, Musorgsky, Chekov, and Mahler, could not help but feel the pain of human suffering, could not help but try to open his compatriots’ eyes on themselves and their true situation, to make them think for themselves and shake off their complacency, to try to raise their sense of dignity and civic duty. In a country where the machine of totalitarianism had turned human society into a trembling herd, honesty was a rare commodity, more precious than daily bread. Even to the least sophisticated listeners, the general tone of Shostakovich’s music — serious, harsh, and dramatic — sounded as a refutation of the myth, ‘life has become better and more joyful’, which the tyrant had invented and common folks believed in. In a country cut off from the community of world cultures and traditions, and beguiled into viewing the past as filled with outmoded prejudices and the present as drowning in the miasma of degeneration and spiritual decay, Shostakovich’s music recalled the spiritual riches and vitality of true art, of the great old masters, and also conveyed the nervous pulse of contemporary life, which Shostakovich had already captured in his early works and which still endured, notwithstanding strict sanitary controls over the cultural fodder approved for consumption in Soviet society. In a country where ‘the great and only true doctrine’ monopolized truth and logic itself, Shostakovich stirred minds, offered his own worldview, prompted questions and the search for answers. In the twentieth-century version of tribal society bedazzled by the light of the only ‘great personality, the leader, teacher, friend’, Shostakovich dared to be a personality in his own right and to emit a light of his own. The cult of the father figure was an obligatory official ritual, the product of 708 Hakobian, A Shostakovich Casebook, p. 232. 220 brainwashing, a form of mass hysteria. The light emitted by Shostakovich’s music shone as a beacon to those trying to survive on the dark ocean of lies and stupidity. He did not aspire to play such a dangerous role, but he could not help doing so simply by being himself. Those born and brought up in a free society can hardly comprehend what it takes to remain honest in a police state or imagine themselves in the place of someone whose very thought of liberty puts freedom or life at stake. Shostakovich was obliged to be especially cautious. [. . .] Let us try to understand what it takes to be honest under the Damocles sword of fear, when even a look, a gesture, or a casual remark could be fatal. 709 709 Orlov, A Shostakovich Casebook, pp. 196–98. On a positive note, some Western academics outside of the ‘Shostakovich Wars’ proper now hold a similar view. Dr. Robert Greenberg of the San Francisco Conservatory of Music concludes that Shostakovich was a small, frail, shy, and often terribly frightened man [. . .] but his music testifies to the power of his resolve as an artist and as a witness determined to record and to promote, even if indirectly, the struggle on behalf of conscience and human dignity under conditions of totalitarian violence and oppression that we today can barely begin to imagine. How lucky we are to have had him among us. If Shostakovich were here with us now, the first thing he’d tell us was that he was no hero; in the Soviet Union ‘heroes’ died young. Shostakovich was a survivor and a witness, his music a testament to what he saw, and felt, in a world that we can hardly imagine’ (‘Shostakovich: His Life and Music’, The Teaching Company Course 760, Chantilly, Virginia, 2002). |
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