SW(Final8/31) Written by Allan B. Ho and Dmitry Feofanov
|
- Bu sahifa navigatsiya:
- 3. Introduction to the 2 nd Russian edition of Volkov’s Shostakovich and Stalin (2006) Galina and Maxim Shostakovich
- 4. ‘ Testimony , I Presume’ 771 Per Skans
E248, F288, R361 are missing a passage (underlined) in G267: ‘That would be like Pushkin asking his contemporaries to imitate Benkendorff or Dubelt. / I personally agree with what Nekrasov wrote: [. . .] you don’t have to be a poet, but you do have to be a citizen’. 768 In G267, the quotation is indented as a block quotation. 769 E256, F297, R373 attribute a metaphor to Anna Akhmatova instead of Osip Mandelshtam in G275: ‘One of my students dubbed it Savior-on-the-Mustache [Spas-na- Usakh, a pun on the church Spas-na-Peskakh, or Savior-on-the- Sands, in Moscow], referring to Stalin’s mustache, which Akhmatova called “roach whiskers”’. 770 768 ‘Ich halte es mit Nekrassow: Ein Dichter brauchst du nicht zu sein, Ein Bürger aber unbedingt’. 769 In a letter of 10 June 2000, Pross-Weerth notes about the English translation: ‘Dies sind zwei Zeilen aus einem berühmten Gedicht von Nikolaj Nekrassow, sie hätten als Zitat gekennzeichnet werden müssen.’ (‘These two lines are taken from a famous poem by Nikolay Nekrasov and they should have been clearly marked as a quote, but were not’). 770 ‘Gemeint war Stalins Schnurrbart, den Ossip Mandelstam “Küchenschabenbart” genannt hatte’. The correct writer is Mandelshtam, though Akhmatova may also have repeated this metaphor. It appears in his November 1933 epigram against Stalin (‘We live unable to sense the country under our feet’): ‘[. . .] then his walrus mustache begins to laugh — like a cockroach’. As Gregory Freidin reports (‘Mandelshtam, Osip Emilyevich’, on the Internet at Aware of a mounting opposition to Stalin within the party, which reached its crescendo in January 1934 at the 17th Party Congress, Mandelshtam hoped that his poem would become urban folklore and broaden the base of the anti-Stalin opposition. In the poem, Stalin, ‘a slayer of peasants’ with worm-like fingers and cock-roach mustachios, delights in wholesale torture and executions. Denounced by someone in his circle, Mandelshtam was arrested for the epigram in May 1934 and sent into exile, with Stalin’s verdict ‘isolate but protect’. The lenient verdict was dictated by Stalin’s desire to win over the intelligentsia to his side and to improve his image abroad, a policy in line with his staging of the First Congress of Soviet Writers (August 1934). The stress of the arrest, imprisonment and interrogations, which forced Mandelshtam to divulge the names of friends who had heard him recite the poem, led to a protracted bout of mental illness. [. . . He] attempted suicide by jumping out of the window [of the hospital in Cherdyn’ . . . and later] became obsessed with the idea of redeeming his offense against Stalin and transforming himself into a new Soviet man. 251 3. Introduction to the 2 nd Russian edition of Volkov’s Shostakovich and Stalin (2006) Galina and Maxim Shostakovich (translated by Antonina W. Bouis) You are holding Solomon Volkov’s Shostakovich and Stalin; this book is devoted to the eternal problem of the opposition between artist and tyrant. In plumbing the depths of the work of Dmitri Shostakovich, one realizes that his music, like the creations of all the truly Great Artists, is devoted to the endless battle between Good and Evil, Love and Hate, Joy and Sorrow, brought to an extreme inner tension in its very essence. Born into the terrifying twentieth century and having survived and withstood it, Shostakovich, like a prophet, reflected the terrible tragedy of his times in the language of his creativity, as if in a pitiless mirror. One often hears the question: ‘How would have Shostakovich written if he had lived in a free world, not knowing sorrow, need, or fear?’ Alas, the opposition of Good and Evil is inherent to all times, all ages, all political systems. Take, for instance, Shostakovich’s Seventh ‘Leningrad’ Symphony. It is perfectly obvious that the symphony is not only about World War II. It is a symphony about the wars that have taken place and that are yet to come in the future, about the tragedies and cataclysms that our people suffered during the Communist tyranny, and most importantly, about Mankind, forced to suffer and live through all of this. This applies to all of Shostakovich’s work. Recently, the composer Boris Tishchenko, a student of his, decided to time the famous ‘invasion episode’ in the first movement of the Leningrad Symphony. The episode consists of 350 measures and at the metronome setting of 126 per quarter note, it lasts for exactly 666.666 seconds! That is the Number of the Beast from the Apocalypse. It is unlikely that the composer had calculated the formula intentionally. Undoubtedly, this was a revelation from Providence. The Lord protects his prophets. Shostakovich survived. Shostakovich won. Looking back, it is difficult to imagine a more terrible time for an artist than the Stalinist period. Shostakovich and many of his outstanding contemporaries were puppets in the hands of the insidious puppet master: if he so wished, he executed them, if he so wished, he spared them. Gathering a wealth of material, Solomon Volkov reveals to the reader in great detail the ugliness and terrible unpredictability of that ‘theater’ where the puppets were real people with real lives. The vicious milestones of the past are gradually fading from memory. Volkov’s book is a reminder. Shostakovich is no more, but his eternal music, which is both his confession and sermon, and often his prophesy, will always cast down Evil and celebrate the triumph of Good. We, Shostakovich’s children, who watched his life pass before our eyes, express our profound gratitude to Solomon Volkov for his marvelous work, the naked truth of which will undoubtedly help our contemporaries and future generations better to see the difficult fate of our unforgettable father, and through it, better to understand his music. 252 Solomon Volkov and Maxim Shostakovich: Celebrating Maxim’s upcoming 70 th birthday at the Russian Samovar in New York, 30 March 2008. 253 4. ‘Testimony, I Presume?’ 771 Per Skans In the spring of 1979, it was already common knowledge in wide Moscow musical circles that Shostakovich’s memoirs were about to appear in the West. For obvious reasons, the controversial subject was never discussed in public, and Soviet officialdom never revealed that it was aware of this forthcoming event out of its control. In the late 1970s, Per Skans, in his capacity as a music producer at the Swedish Radio, was preparing a series on music and music life in the USSR together with his colleague Björn W. Stålne. They spent months there, travelling around the country three times in 1979 alone, and according to the Gosteleradio this was the largest series on the subject ever made by a foreign broadcasting company. Per Skans later returned to his materials and annotations from that year, and here he tells us about the chronology as viewed with his and his colleague’s eyes; and also about a few comments by the illustrious musicologist Erik Tawaststjerna. a. A Typescript The old man in front of us cleared his throat before he answered the question. He had suffered a stroke about a year earlier, so his voice had lost some of its former strength, and he spoke rather softly when he said: This personality is dialectically very varied, and one must either tell too much about him, or too little. 772 And he bluntly refused to say anything more concerning Dmitry Dmitrievich Shostakovich, about whom I had asked him to say a few personal words. My colleague Björn W. Stålne from the Swedish Radio and I were somewhat dumbfounded, because during all our stays in the USSR it had never before happened that somebody would not happily sing this composer’s praise in all keys. And we had been expecting Leo Moritsevich Ginzburg, the legendary conducting teacher at the Moscow Conservatory, to do the same. On my previous meeting with him, in April 1964 at an orchestral class where he was instructing some of his conducting students, among them Dmitry Kitayenko (‘watch this man, he has a great future!’), he had been very talkative, no matter which subject I had raised. But now, in March 1979, he was not prepared to say anything at all about Shostakovich. If we were dumbfounded at that moment, we were baffled a few seconds later. Someone entered Prof. Ginzburg’s office to ask him a question, and during this short 771 © 2005 by Per Skans; another version of this piece, slightly edited, was published in DSCH Journal, 23, July 2005, pp. 56–58, and DSCH Journal, 24, January 2006, pp. 25–26. 772 ‘Es ist eine sehr dialektisch verschiedene Persönlichkeit, von der man oder zu viel sagen muss, oder zu wenig’. As my colleague did not understand Russian, I had simplified matters by asking Leo Ginzburg my question in German. I already knew that his command of German was splendid: he had spent two years around 1930 in Berlin as an assistant of Klemperer and Scherchen. His little mistake in saying ‘oder ... oder’ (rather than ‘entweder ... oder’) is easily explained as an influence from the Russian ‘ili ... ili’. 254 time, our ‘guide’ and helper from the Gosteleradio, one Aleksandr Petrov, lent towards us hissing: It has not been agreed that you should ask questions on this subject. If you continue doing this, I shall consider this interview as illegal. After Prof. Ginzburg’s refusal we were anyhow not going to ask anything more about Shostakovich, but afterwards when we were alone with ‘chort Petrov’, 773 as his colleagues (and we) were in the habit of calling our ‘guide’ when he was not present, we gave him one of the fiercest admonitions that I have ever given anybody, telling him that if his threat materialised, the Soviet Embassy in Stockholm would immediately encounter his name as part of a full account of the incident in Swedish mass media. After that he was less aggressive. Basically he was a nice chap, like most of our ‘guides’. Of course they were supposed to do a surveillance job, but we knew this, and they understood that we knew. Frankly spoken, they at the same time did some incredible work fighting Soviet bureaucracy to facilitate (most of) our work. Therefore we are to this day most grateful to these persons whose position was a rather difficult one. We observed that rumours about the forthcoming Shostakovich memoirs were spreading rapidly in Moscow during the spring, summer and autumn of 1979. We were representatives of a Western broadcasting station, so there is nothing strange about the fact that only those who already knew us well enough to trust us would dare to speak to us about it. One thing did however strike us: Moscow was the only Soviet city where the subject was raised in our presence. Nothing was, for example, said in Leningrad, the Baltic republics or Caucasia. This may however have been a coincidence, though the two latter areas were the ones where people rarely hesitated to speak their minds, even during the Brezhnev era. Strangely, it was in the Soviet Union, not in the West, that we first heard about the existence of Testimony. Some time after our visit to Prof. Ginzburg, still in the spring of 1979, I met the well-known Finnish music critic Seppo Heikinheimo (1938–1997) during a visit to Helsinki. Over a lunch he suddenly asked me: ‘Do you know Shostakovich’s memoirs? They are sensational’. At the time I still knew no details, so he began revealing various particulars to me. He was familiar with them, because he had been assigned the task of translating the book into Finnish from the original Russian. 774 On that occasion he did not have his typescript copy at hand, so he could not show it to me, 775 but when we met 773 Literally: ‘the devil Petrov’. Idiomatically: ‘that bloody Petrov’. 774 It is worth mentioning that not all translations of Testimony have been done directly from the Russian. For example, the Swedish version is a less than brilliant translation of the American version. When I translated a passage directly from Russian into Swedish and compared it with the Swedish edition, I discovered several grave errors in the latter; obvious results of translating a translation instead of the original. Some of these were, in fact, so severe that they left me wondering whether the American translation (which I don’t know) really is a correct rendering of the Russian. 775 It is questionable whether Heikinheimo actually was in possession of the Russian typescript as early as spring 1979 and had already been ‘assigned the task of translating’ it. After searching through all of the cultural pages of Helsingin Sanomat between 1 January 1979 and 4 April 1980, Lång reports that none of Heikinheimo’s articles before the latter’s ‘Gennadi Rozhdestvenski palaa tiedonhalusta’ (‘Gennady Rozhdestvensky is Burning with the Desire to Know’) of 3 September 1979 displays any familiarity with 255 the next time, in September with Björn W. Stålne present, he handed it over to us as a loan until the next day. We had a full copy made, which we deposited at the library of the Swedish Radio. This is a strictly closed library, serving only members of the staff for programme purposes, and it is of no use for outsiders to try to get access to its items: even I am now, having retired from the Radio, denied access, in spite of having worked at the company for three decades! Heikinheimo made us promise not to disclose to anyone that we had access to a copy of the typescript, ‘for a period of twenty-five years’, as he put it. During all these years it has been difficult for us to keep the promised silence, especially when there were complaints that there was no possibility to get access to the Russian version of Testimony: we were furthermore convinced that other copies must have been around as well. A promise is, however, a promise, so we kept it even after Heikinheimo died some years ago. We also had to promise never ever to reveal the identities of the persons who had hidden the typescript in the USSR until it was ‘exported’. The typescript copy that we received did not contain any preface, nor any other comments like foot- or endnotes. It was just the text of the book itself, which after typing had been edited in a few places. Our series of broadcasts about Soviet music and music life was already running at the time when we received the material, but we were able to outline a number of passages from the typescript in a broadcast about Shostakovich on 14 October 1979 (about a fortnight before Testimony first appeared in print), introducing the fact of its existence with the words (in connection with the problems of 1948): ‘Shostakovich comments on this extensively in his memoirs which are due to be published within a few weeks, though not by the Soviet publishing house Muzyka, but by a Western publisher. We have had an opportunity to read these memoirs in advance, memoirs which are based on personal interviews and should according to Shostakovich’s own wish not be published before his death’. Among other things that we included, I might mention a comment on the Seventh Symphony: ‘In his as yet still not released memoirs, he says that his bleeding heart is rather turning against Stalin — in Shostakovich’s view, Stalin was guilty of the destruction of Leningrad’; and about the Tenth Symphony: ‘That this scherzo is a portrait of Stalin is truly one of the greatest pieces of musical news of the year 1979’. 776 In the months to follow, Testimony was frequently quoted on the music channel of the Swedish Radio. the actual text of Testimony. In this interview, Rozhdestvensky reports that a week earlier he read the English-language proofs of Testimony in London. He goes on to say that Shostakovich signed each and every sheet of the Russian-language manuscript to verify its authenticity — a blatant error that Heikinheimo likely would have corrected had he already seen, let alone had in his possession, a copy of the Russian text. In Mätämunan muistelmat, p. 391, Heikinheimo further states that ‘The conductor Gennady Rozhdestvensky was the first acquaintance of mine who got the book [actually proofs of it in London, late August 1979] in his hands’. 776 Sveriges Riksradio P 2, Sunday, 14 October 1979, 09.00 CET: ‘Runt musikens Sovjet’ med Per Skans och Björn W. Stålne. I dag: Ett musikens flaggskepp. Dmitrij Sjostakovitj snabbporträtteras. (Archive code: 5460-79/3203 PS). It does not need mentioning that all quotations and references were well within the stipulated limits for such material in radio broadcasts. 256 b. Erik Tawaststjerna The Finnish musicologist Erik Tawaststjerna (1916–94) did not only publish one of the most remarkable musical biographies of the twentieth century, that of Jean Sibelius, with which he was occupied during twenty-three years until 1988. At the time of his death he had also for many years been preparing a biography of Shostakovich, whom he knew personally; it must be regretted very much that this work never materialised. Before turning to musicology he had studied the piano (i.e., after the war with Neuhaus in Moscow and Cortot in Paris), and he had given concerts in the USSR and several other countries. In May 1979, I visited him at his Helsinki home, and here follow some excerpts from what I recorded as a contribution to a broadcast on Shostakovich. 777 When listening to his statements today, I find it interesting that they have not lost anything of their relevance in the twenty-five years that have passed; consequently they were very ‘modern’ in the spring of 1979. Regrettably I do not know whether Seppo Heikinheimo at that time had shown him the Testimony typescript, but they were living in the same city. 778 Concerning how Shostakovich was affected by the 1936 crisis, Tawaststjerna said: ‘This is a very difficult question. We know the result, but not what the result might have been had the Lady Macbeth crisis not occurred. Apparently he shelved some opera plans, and as we all know he interrupted the rehearsal work of the Fourth Symphony. I 777 The same broadcast as mentioned before, on 14 October 1979. 778 Eds. — Although best known for his research on Sibelius, Tawaststjerna also was an expert on Russian music and had written his docent thesis or second dissertation in 1960 on Prokofiev’s opera War and Peace. Because of his close relationship with Heikinheimo, it is very likely that he was aware of and even had access to Heikinheimo’s Russian typescript early on. As Lång points out (email of 3 June 2009): Tawaststjerna and Heikinheimo were not only ‘living in the same city’ but were also professor and student at Helsinki University, employer and employee, neighbors, and colleagues in Helsingin Sanomat. Heikinheimo worked as a part-time secretary for Tawaststjerna in the 1960s when the latter was preparing his Sibelius biography: mainly Heikinheimo typed what Tawaststjerna dictated. In Mätämunan muistelmat, p. 102, Heikinheimo says that Tawaststjerna was a ‘spiritual father’ for him. In the 1980s, they even lived in the same apartment building (Luotsikatu Street No. 5) in Helsinki and visited each other frequently. Furthermore, they both worked as music critics at Helsingin Sanomat. When Shostakovich died, Heikinheimo arranged for Tawaststjerna to write the obituary for him. Some insight into Tawaststjerna’s view of Testimony may be found in Anhava’s Professori, piispa ja tyhjyys, pp. 64–65: When I discussed these memoirs with Erik Tawaststjerna, he thought that they are factually correct, but was sure that Shostakovich could not have authorized them to be published in that shape. ‘I cannot believe that had he read the proofs he would have left there those horrible words about Prokofiev, for instance’. Sometimes, to write unpleasant truths serves the same purpose as to stick needles in a voodoo puppet: you can imagine how the enemy suffers. When the needles have been applied, when the text is on paper, you feel better, and it’s no longer necessary to print those nasty things. If the self-censorship of the last reading only seals the authenticity, the memoirs of Shostakovich are not authentic. But this applies to all posthumous books’ (transl. by Lång). 257 think that this crisis resulted in a more classicist tendency, but I could not characterise the Fifth Symphony as a weak work. On the contrary, it is a very fine work, though it has a more classical character than the Fourth’. About Shostakovich’s relation to his hometown: ‘Leningrad was his spiritual home, it was his mother. I shall never forget how desolate Leningrad seemed in 1946. There was a greatness over the city — well, the same greatness is present now, too, but it appeared so much sharper because so many houses lay in ruins; in other words there was a special atmosphere about Leningrad. I saw posters with Shostakovich’s name, he was to play twelve of his twenty-four Preludes, but I suddenly realised that the architecture of Leningrad had played a certain, very significant rôle for Shostakovich. And I also realised that the city’s atmosphere as a window towards Europe was very important for him. One could sense this atmosphere, that here were influences from Schönberg, Bartók, Hindemith and Alban Berg — Wozzeck — and that was the atmosphere that he breathed. And he would also stroll along the same streets as Raskolnikov, and I saw the cinema where he had been playing to earn a little bit of money during his years of study. I was able to comprehend how he lived there — and he always would return to Leningrad whenever possible, even if Moscow became his main domicile’. About the time after the 1948 crisis: ‘So I believe that he eventually returned to his original line, albeit gradually. The Song of the Forests is a purely minor work, a manifest result of the 1948 crisis — but the Violin Concerto, which was first shelved, to be played later, is one of his foremost works, and above all I think that in his last works, close to death, he has reached a new modernism. And we can never know whether his Fourteenth Symphony would ever have materialised if his life had not taken the turn that it did. In any case I think that the Fourteenth Symphony is one of the great peaks among his musical works and of music in our time’. About the DSCH motto: ‘The motto motif is present in many works, but I especially want to stress the Eighth Quartet. There I think that it has a strongly autobiographical significance. He got inspired to [write] the Eighth Quartet when he did film music [in Dresden] and was staying there, surrounded by ruins and memories of war. Then he posed himself the question: “Who am I, Dmitry Shostakovich?” He began with, let us call it a stylised Bach fugue, with the motto motif as main theme, then follow remembrances from his youth: the First Symphony, the early years in Leningrad. Then there are remembrances from the so-called rehabilitation work, the Fifth Symphony. It is a life period of struggle and difficulties. In the Scherzo then there appears a theme with a Jewish character, and he links his own theme to that one. Does this not tell us something, is it not, just like Babi Yar, an identification with the Jewish fate?’ Question: ‘Why could it be that he devoted himself to Jewish themes in several works?’ Tawaststjerna: ‘To begin with, he is the great Dostoyevsky figure of Russian music, with a special ability to suffer, and in the Jewish music, at least in the themes that he is using, the suffering is present everywhere; even if laughter is on the surface, weeping is always beneath it. And he was spiritually related to Mahler. To mention but one example: the Scherzo of the Tenth Symphony. There we also find the multi-layered Mahlerian 258 psychology with the bitter irony and the joke simultaneously, and with the tragedy and satire; all of this is also simultaneously present in Shostakovich’. This is the third page from Chapter 5 of Testimony, taken from the copy of the Russian typescript that we received on loan from Seppo Heikinheimo and copied in September 1979. I have chosen this particular page because it was from there that our first material from Testimony in a Swedish Radio broadcast was taken. Note the two different pagina. The typewritten one (–3–) is a pagination that begins anew in every fresh chapter. The other one (213) runs through the entire manuscript and has obviously been made (rather carelessly) with a pagination stamp. The type is identical with or strongly reminiscent of the Pica Cyrillic, which was in frequent use on the most common typewriters and stamps in the USSR, which were of Soviet or East German origin. |
Ma'lumotlar bazasi mualliflik huquqi bilan himoyalangan ©fayllar.org 2024
ma'muriyatiga murojaat qiling
ma'muriyatiga murojaat qiling