SW(Final8/31) Written by Allan B. Ho and Dmitry Feofanov
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665 For a lengthy and detailed rebuttal of Taruskin’s view, cf. Ian MacDonald’s ‘The Shostakovich debate: The Question of Dissidence’, on the Internet at Taruskin’s friend, Malcolm Hamrick Brown, has acknowledged that Shostakovich was, at times, a ‘closet dissident’ (Notes, 49/3, March 1993, p. 960; melos, 4–5, Summer 1993, p. 42). 666 Anthony Mulgan of Oxford University Press described Abraham as ‘indefatigable, demanding, rational, perfectionist and at all times courteous and considerate. If there is a better set of qualities embodied in one author, we haven’t come across him’. Eduard Reeser of the Directorium of the International Musicological Society also found him to be ‘an excellent scholar of exceptional versatility and, besides, as a charming personality, always willing to help others disinterestedly’ (‘A Birthday Greeting to Gerald Abraham’, Music and Letters, 55/2. April 1974, p. 135); emphasis added. 201 as a doubter of Testimony, but kept an open mind and by 1982, based on Kirill Kondrashin’s whole-hearted endorsement and information he had obtained privately from a ‘reliable source’ in the Soviet Union, he concluded it to be genuine. 667 Taruskin, on the other hand, initially was a supporter of the memoirs, and then turned fiercely against it, refusing to investigate the matter for himself or to consider, objectively, the wealth of evidence that has emerged supporting the memoirs and Volkov. Should Taruskin wish to liken himself to another figure prominent in Russian music, perhaps a more suitable candidate would be Vladimir Stasov (1824–1906). This highly influential writer on the arts in Russia is today best known as a champion of the Moguchaya kuchka (i.e., the group of composers that included Balakirev, Borodin, Cui, Musorgsky, and Rimsky-Korsakov) and of the idea of Russian nationalism in music. Less remembered is the fact that he was also a big, loud, pushy, and obnoxious man, whom the Russian satirist Mikhail Saltykov-Shchedrin (1826–89) nicknamed, in a parodistic description of the ‘Mighty Handful’, ‘Neuvazhai-Koryto’. 668 ‘Neuvazhai’ implied that Stasov had no respect for anyone’s opinions other than his own, while ‘Koryto’ (literally ‘trough’) evoked the image of something big, coarse, and dirty. ‘Neuvazhai-Koryto’, therefore, is one of those brilliant wordplays that conjures a precise image in a flash, but remains essentially untranslatable. Still, the phrase ‘sewer mouth’ may provide a close approximation. The irony of this comparison is that Taruskin, for many years, has waged a ferocious battle with Stasov — or, rather, with Stasov’s ghost, since the Russian critic himself, being dead for more than a hundred years, obviously cannot respond in kind to Taruskin’s relentless assaults. 669 Stasov, the ‘master propagandist’ and ‘great mythologizer of Russian music’ 670 remains, in Taruskin’s imagination, a bête noir: someone who willfully distorted the true picture of Russian music, which ‘King Richard’, 667 Gerald Abraham, ‘The Citizen Composer’, The Times Literary Supplement, 4 June 1982, p. 609. 668 ‘Mezhdu Delom’ (‘Leisurely Observations’), Otechestvennye Zapiski (Notes of the Fatherland), 1521, November 1874, pp. 288–97; previously cited by Alexandra Orlova in Musorgsky Remembered, transl. by Véronique Zaytzeff and Frederick Morrison, Indiana University Press, Bloomington, 1991, pp. 169–70, note 1. Saltykov-Shchedrin borrowed this nickname from the great inventor of whimsical Russian names, Nikolay Gogol, who introduced it in his Dead Souls, published in 1842. 669 Taruskin’s first major writing on Stasov was his 1968 M. A. thesis at Columbia University, Vladimir Vasilievich Stasov: Functionary in Art. Stasov reappears regularly in his later works, like an idée fixe. Interestingly, just as Taruskin initially supported Volkov then turned against him, he also began as a believer of the Stasovian line before becoming his fiercest critic. In his Musorgsky, p. 34, he recalls: While an exchange student at the Moscow Conservatory in 1971–72, I was assigned as nauchnïy rukovoditel’ [something a bit more than an adviser] one of the scholars who engaged in the polemic with Yuriy Tyulin, described above. I was of course assured that Golenishchev-Kutuzov’s testimony was of no value and I allowed myself to be dissuaded from consulting him. [. . .] It was only when writing Chapter 8, published here for the first time, that I realized my own work was taking me in an inexorably anti-Stasovian direction, and I finally engaged with my natural preceptor. Willem Vijvers, in a review of Francis Maes’s A History of Russian Music: From Kamarinskaya to Babi Yar in the Musical Times, Spring 2003, similarly noted a Stasov/Taruskin resemblance. Aware that Maes consistently parrots Taruskin’s views, Vivjers likens him to ‘those of Stasov’s disciples who tried to emulate their mentor by attacking others in print’. 670 On Russian Music, p. 153, and ‘“Entoiling the Falconet”: Russian Musical Orientalism in Context’, Defining Russia Musically, p. 152, respectively. 202 as a mythical knight on a white horse, is destined to correct and proudly present to a cheering and grateful world. 671 Taruskin’s obsession with Stasov sheds interesting light on his similar obsession with Volkov, Testimony, and the ‘Shostakovich Wars’, still another long-lived, and personal, jihad to set the record straight. In his battle with Stasov, Taruskin seeks to dispel the ‘Musorgsky myth’ (i.e., the long established view of that composer that continued to be upheld by Soviet scholars). He concludes that Stasov’s Musorgsky was Stasov’s creation — in more ways than one. He manufactured not only Musorgsky’s historiographical image but also, to a considerable extent and for a considerable time, the actual historical person. 672 In refuting the ‘Musorgsky myth’, Taruskin calls attention to the little-known memoirs of Count Arseny Arkad’yevich Golenishchev-Kutuzov (1848–1913), whose poems were used in Musorgsky’s Sunless (1874) and Songs and Dances of Death (1875– 77) and who probably had an intimate relationship with the composer. About Golenishchev-Kutuzov’s portrait of Musorgsky, which was intended to serve as an antidote to Stasov’s, 673 Taruskin writes: What shall we make of these memoirs, which so perfectly invert the long- accepted view of the composer. Soviet writers have never had any doubt. Golenishchev-Kutusov has been consistently dismissed on the tautological grounds that as a representative of ‘monarchism and Black-Hundreds reaction’, he cannot speak for a ‘populist’ like Musorgsky. ‘A courtly dignitary and aristocrat like Count Kutuzov, closed off in his proud secluded sphere’, wrote Keldïsh, ‘in the final analysis did not and could 671 Cf. Marina Ritzarev, ‘Richard Taruskin: Knight of Russian Music’, European Legacy, 3/6, November 1998, pp. 65–75. She concludes saying, ‘I look upon the author as a knight serving the cause of Russian music and culture in general, and I am grateful to him for giving Russian music, through this book [Defining Russia Musically], its proper and deserved place. As a colleague, I congratulate Richard Taruskin with all my heart for this outstanding work, which I consider to be musicology’s book of the century’. 672 Musorgsky, p. 8. As noted on p. 193 above, he also attributes to Stasov the change in title of ‘“Samuel” Goldenberg and “Schmuÿle”’ in Pictures at an Exhibition to ‘Two Jews, Rich and Poor’, which long disguised its intended meaning, and elsewhere he elaborates on Stasov’s skill in ‘applying makeup to a genius’s flaws’: Stasov’s tactics are worth savoring. At first he acknowledged Mussorgsky’s shortcomings, merely asking that they be kept in perspective. But soon he was insinuating that those finding fault with Mussorgsky’s technique had ‘displayed their incapacity to understand his talented innovations, the novelty of aims and the profundity of his musical expression’. Finally, he asserted that ‘despite all his imperfections’, Mussorgsky ‘has irresistibly affected the spirit and emotions of those of his listeners who have not yet been spoiled by school, by classrooms, Italian habits and vapid traditions’ (‘A New, New “Boris”, The New York Times, 14 December 1997; reprinted in On Russian Music, p. 153). 673 Musorgsky, p. 18. 203 not understand a great artist-democrat and humanist like Musorgsky, who burned with bitter pain on behalf of all oppressed, suffering and deprived humanity’. 674 Golenishchev-Kutuzov’s text was completed in 1888, but published only in 1935, with an introduction and commentary by Yury Keldysh that Taruskin reports takes up ‘far more space than the memoirs themselves, and (in a fashion typical of Soviet source publications of the period) keep up something of a running feud with the object they ostensibly illuminate’: The main strategy was to question at every point the closeness of the poet’s relationship to the composer, and to cast their break in ideological terms. One especially intransigent Soviet specialist, absolutely unwilling to let Musorgsky off the Stasovian hook, has actually tried to debunk the relationship from start to finish — ‘and did it even exist, this closeness, or was it just the influence of Musorgsky’s mighty personality on a youthful, not yet fully formed friend (?), and did not Musorgsky passionately, painfully exaggerate the degree of his rapport with the co-author of the Songs and Dances of Death out of craving for spiritual support and emotional warmth?’ 675 Taruskin defends these memoirs against such charges, citing twenty-six surviving letters from composer to poet that document their personal relationship and noting even the former’s manner of addressing the latter with the ‘familiar second-person pronoun’. 676 He acknowledges that ‘if the memoirs could be shown to reflect changed attitudes, at variance with those entertained at the time of the purported friendship they describe, this could be claimed as evidence to discredit them’. However, he finds no such fatal flaws. He reports that ‘the really tough nut for Soviet scholars in Golenishchev-Kutuzov’s memoir has always been Musorgsky’s reported rejection of the Revolutionary scene in Boris’. For example, Keldysh, who accepts Stasov’s view of the composer, writes: It is hard to verify whether such words were ever spoken by Musorgsky; but even if they were, they do not furnish proof of the author’s true attitude toward the scene in question. From reports of Golenishchev- Kutuzov, and others as well, we are familiar with Musorgsky’s mildness and changeability, and his way of submitting to the influence of his interlocutors, to whom he was often inclined to give in. Casually, under the influence of a passing mood, he might throw out a phrase for which he himself might not vouch afterward. But in the given instance, taking the general polemical tendency of Golenishchev-Kutuzov’s ‘Reminiscences’ into account, the faithfulness of his transmission of Musorgsky’s words 674 Ibid., pp. 25–26. 675 Ibid., p. 26. 676 Ibid., pp. 26–27. 204 inspires involuntary [!] doubt, since they all too plainly contradict Stasov’s opinion. 677 Doesn’t this sound strangely familiar? Weren’t the same objections raised with Testimony? First they claimed that Shostakovich and Volkov met only three times; next that Shostakovich would never have said such things; and finally, that if he did say such things, he must have been influenced by Volkov, didn’t really mean them, and never would have approved publishing them. 678 However, as we have demonstrated in Shostakovich Reconsidered and the present text, the so-called errors, contradictions, and controversial passages in Testimony are, in fact, repeatedly on the mark. Ironically, Taruskin’s role in his battle with Stasov is actually the opposite of his role in the ‘Shostakovich Wars’. In the former, Taruskin is a ‘revisionist’, correcting the Stasovian/Soviet ‘Musorgsky myth’, while citing Golenishchev-Kutuzov’s posthumously published memoir as corroboration of this ‘new Musorgsky’. In the ‘Shostakovich Wars’, Taruskin is an ‘anti-revisionist’, who adamantly refuses to accept the ‘new Shostakovich’ that emerged from another set of posthumously published memoirs, Testimony, despite mounting evidence that it, too, portrays a more accurate view of the composer than Soviet-era propaganda. One wonders how things might have been different had Taruskin himself discovered the Shostakovich memoirs and brought them to light. Would he now be arguing in its favor, finding hidden meanings in the composer’s works, and vehemently opposing Fay’s ‘rotten luck/wrong folk’ hypothesis? One also wonders if Taruskin’s vicious personal attacks on Volkov stem from the fact that the latter usurped Taruskin’s usual position as ‘myth buster’, beating him to the punch, so to speak, and leaving him with the rather uncomfortable and less desirable role as anti- revisionist (i.e., on the same side as Khrennikov and other Soviets). A final irony is that Taruskin has himself become something of a Stasov (i.e., that which he criticized). He describes the latter as the most prolific and polymorphic arts journalist Russia has ever known. [. . .] His tone was ear-splitting, his style at once hectoring and prolix, gratuitously redundant, supererogatory. His arguments gave new meaning to the word tendentious. Though his works are an inexhaustible mine — of gold, pyrites, and sheer dirt — and exert the inevitable fascination of eyewitness reportage, he is about the most annoying writer in the Russian language. 679 Isn’t it Taruskin now, more than anyone, who has adopted Stasov’s methods and character? Isn’t it Taruskin now who is the big, loud, pushy, obnoxious man who attempts to subjugate everyone to his own views and attacks indiscriminately any moving 677 Ibid., p. 31. 678 Just as Tishchenko claimed that Testimony is not ‘even a book by Volkov about Shostakovich, but a book by Volkov about Volkov’ (Shostakovich Casebook, p. 51), Keldysh similarly dismissed Golenishchev-Kutuzov’s memoirs as ‘more revealing of their author’s ideological path than they are of Musorgsky’s person’ (Musorgsky, p. 26, note 57). 679 Ibid., p. 8. 205 object in sight so as to be able to declare himself ‘king of the hill’ or the alpha male? On the other hand, Stasov, in spite of his personal and professional faults, was a great national figure and a leading spokesman of important cultural movements in music and the arts. Taruskin, it appears, is neither of these. It is not appropriate here to undertake a thorough assessment of Taruskin’s work in both the academic and public arenas; to devote more space to Taruskin instead of Shostakovich would be akin to having the tail wag the dog. In time, other scholars, specialists in particular areas, will examine more closely not only Taruskin’s views on the ‘Musorgsky myth’, the ‘Shostakovich myth’, the ‘Beethoven myth’, the ‘authentic performance myth’, the ‘authority of the composer and score myth’, the ‘story of twentieth-century music myth’, the ‘Rite of Spring myth’, and the like, but the equally important issue of the ‘Taruskin myth’. As demonstrated above, the notion that Taruskin, in the ‘Shostakovich Wars’, is a knight on a white horse (1) saving the world from the ‘lies and deceptions’ of Allan Ho, 680 Volkov, and other ‘revisionists’, (2) defending the American Musicological Society’s ‘guidelines for ethical conduct’ and ‘standards of civility’, and (3) debunking the myth of Shostakovich as a dissident is itself sheer fantasy, a delusion. In fact, he is often guilty of the very faults that he ascribes to, and viciously criticizes in, others. To be sure, Taruskin’s fine intellect, panoramic knowledge, varied interests, and prodigious literary talent could have made him the greatest musicologist of all time. The question is, did he rise to that exalted level or squander his gifts and become, in the end, just a second-rate Stasov 681 — a ‘Neuvazhai-Koryto’? Even Robert Craft notes, with some regret, that ‘Richard Taruskin, the meticulous scholar I first met eight years ago and through correspondence came to know and like, has lately turned into a sloppy, thersitical journalist, more judgmental than Dr. Johnson’. 682 680 Danger of Music, pp. 23 and 321. Taruskin singles Ho out for special criticism because he holds a Ph.D. in musicology as well as a faculty position at a university. Unlike the journalists (MacDonald), fiddlers (Volkov), and lawyers (Feofanov), whom Taruskin readily dismisses, how dare Ho question the ‘Great Musicologist’ of our time? 681 Taruskin’s own Moguchaya kuchka appears to be his group of five like-minded scholars, to whom he cryptically dedicates his On Russian Music: ‘To Lenochka, Lorochka, Milochka, Ritochka, and especially to Malcolm Hamrickovich on his jubilee’ (i.e., Elena Dubinets, Laurel Fay, Lyudmila Kovnatskaya, Margarita Mazo, and Malcolm Hamrick Brown, respectively). A mighty handful, indeed! 682 Danger of Music, p. 216; for the full text, in which Craft mentions a number of errors and distortions by Taruskin, cf. ‘“Jews and Geniuses”: An Exchange’, The New York Review of Books, 36/10, 15 June 1989, on the Internet at Download Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
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