SW(Final8/31) Written by Allan B. Ho and Dmitry Feofanov
|
Litvinova. He does not mention that the same suggestion was made directly to him two years earlier in an email of 24 April 2000. This is even referred to at the beginning of Ho’s DSCH-list posting, but was excised from Mitchinson’s article: [Allan Ho:] After Mitchinson’s Shostakovich article first appeared in Lingua franca in May/June 2000, I emailed him to say that he should have contacted Litvinova personally before publishing his own theory of what she was recalling. He responded not by asking for Litvinova’s phone number, which Dmitry Feofanov or I could have provided him, but by breaking off email contact and asking me never to communicate with him again! 91 Email from Mitchinson to Ho, 24 April 2000; emphasis added. 25 Facsimile of Shostakovich’s preface to Volkov’s ‘Young Composers of Leningrad’ that Mitchinson suggests required the composer to meet constantly with Volkov. Although Volkov, when interviewed by Mitchinson, could not remember exactly how many meetings took place for the Preface, his statements in Testimony (1979) and to Galina Drubachevskaya (1992) make clear that he and Shostakovich did not meet ‘constantly’. In the former Volkov states ‘at our meeting’ (singular; cf. p. 22 above), and in the latter: ‘We had several long talks, after which I put the material together and sent it back to him for his approval’. 92 Since Volkov was unaware of Litvinova’s memoirs at this time, why would he under-report his collaboration with Shostakovich for Young Composers of Leningrad? He could have said ‘we met constantly’, to enhance his relationship. Moreover, as stated earlier, why would Shostakovich be speaking at length about his own works and life? Young Composers of Leningrad was not about Shostakovich, and was never a memoir. If, on the other hand, we accept Litvinova’s statement that Shostakovich told her about the young Leningrad musicologist between 1972 and 1974, then everything fits: the number of meetings, the content discussed, and the process used. Volkov has stated that he and Shostakovich met dozens of times between 1971 and 1974, hence 92 Shostakovich Reconsidered, p. 319. 26 Shostakovich’s statement that ‘we now meet constantly’. The reason for their meetings was to work on the composer’s memoirs, hence Shostakovich reports telling him ‘everything I remember about my works and myself’. Finally, Volkov would write everything down and later the composer would approve it, hence Shostakovich’s statement that the musicologist ‘writes it down and at a subsequent meeting I look it over’. In Testimony, Volkov describes the process as follows: [1] I divided up the collected material into sustained sections, combined as seemed appropriate; [2] then I showed these sections to Shostakovich, who approved my work. What had been created in these pages clearly had a profound effect on him. [3] Gradually, I shaped this great array of reminiscence into arbitrary parts and had them typed. Shostakovich read and signed each part. 93 The sequence of events is further clarified in a letter from Ann Harris of Harper and Row to Henry Orlov (9 April 1979): [1] Gradually, he [Volkov] began to shape his notes into larger sections and chapters. [2] He showed some of them to Shostakovich and he gave his approval. [3] In the spring of 1974, Volkov began to organize the material into longer chapters. [4] As soon as he had finished each chapter, he gave it to Shostakovich, who read it and as proof of his reading and approval, wrote at the head of each chapter the word ‘Read’, followed by his signature. 94 Clearly, Shostakovich had an opportunity to examine some ‘larger sections’ before they were organized into ‘longer chapters’ and typed. As such he also could have had input on the text and its organization, the significance of which may have eluded even Volkov. The fact that Shostakovich, in his statement to Litvinova, describes a collaboration still in progress suggests that it stems from 1972–73 (after enough time had elapsed to meet ‘constantly’), but before spring 1974 (since no mention is made of signing the typed chapters). 93 Testimony, p. xvii; numbers added for clarity. Since Volkov did not type the manuscript himself, he had to prepare an interim version that converted his shorthand notes into a text that could be clearly understood by the typist (as well as be read by Shostakovich before spring 1974). 94 A facsimile of this letter is in Kovnatskaya, A Shostakovich Casebook, p. 102; numbers added for clarity. Also cf. Dubinsky’s statement in note 56 above. 27 It is also worth noting that since no other ‘young Leningrad musicologist’ has ever come forward to say he worked on a Shostakovich memoir, the reference in Litvinova’s text is clearly to Volkov, even if he is not identified by name. 95 Indeed, Litvinova is certain that Shostakovich’s statement was about Volkov and Testimony; Elizabeth Wilson also read the statement exactly the same way and, thus, omitted it from her book so as not ‘to get too involved in the whole vexed question about the authenticity of Volkov’s Testimony’. 96 Unfortunately, this ‘smoking gun’ passage is again absent in the second edition of Wilson’s book, where she continues to justify such deletions as having been made ‘for reasons of space’ or because they did not ‘relate directly to Shostakovich’. 97 One wonders, could she not find space for this one paragraph in the process of adding umpteen new passages from the Glikman letters and other recent sources? Could she not see how Shostakovich’s description of work on his own memoirs relates directly to Shostakovich? Let us next examine Litvinova’s statement that her ‘last conversation’ with Shostakovich took place in 1970 or 1971, in light of her recollection that Shostakovich’s words about the young musicologist comes from 1972–74. Apparently, Mitchinson and Fay never considered that Litvinova’s date for the former might be in error. Litvinova writes: My last conversation with Dmitri Dmitriyevich took place at the House of Creativity at Ruza sometime in 1970–71. Dmitri Dmityriyevich had returned from having treatment at Dr Ilizarov’s clinic with the use of his right hand partially restored. He even tried to play the piano, but he would tire very easily. On that occasion Irina Antonovna had gone to the cinema. Although Dmitri Dmitriyevich did not like to complain, the conversation took a somber turn. First Dmitri Dmitriyevich spoke of Maxim’s success as a conductor with great pride, how well he performed his symphonies, and what successes he had scored on his tours to the West. ‘But, of course, he doesn’t want to live here. And think how proud Nina would have been of him’. Then we spoke of the Fourteenth Symphony, and how each of the authors of the texts had undergone personal tragedy. ‘But I myself am not ready to die. I still have a lot of music to write. I don’t like living here at Ruza, I prefer working at home, at the dacha in Zhukovka. But Irina Antonovna gets tired looking after me, and she too needs a rest’. 98 95 Failure to mention Volkov’s name may have been an oversight or intentional, to protect Volkov from pressures that might be exerted on him for working on such a controversial memoir. 96 Letter from Wilson to the authors, 14 May 1997. Cf. Shostakovich Reconsidered, pp. 250–52. Wilson’s desire to steer clear of the Testimony debate likely explains, but does not justify, her failure to mention any information that corroborates the memoirs. She does not acknowledge Shostakovich Reconsidered either in her bibliography or main text, and she claims that the ongoing ‘Shostakovich Wars’ have ‘held up rather than promoted the advance of Shostakovich scholarship’ (Wilson, 2 nd edn., p. xiii). 97 Ibid., pp. 580–81. 98 Ibid., p. 481. 28 Fay surmises that ‘late 1970 or early 1971 [was] the likeliest period when their final meeting took place’, based on the mention of Shostakovich’s return from medical treatments in Kurgan and his discussion of his Fourteenth Symphony (1969). 99 While it is true that Shostakovich went to Kurgan twice in 1970 (from 27 February to 9 June and from 27 August to 27 October) and once in June 1971, the pertinent question is when was he in Ruza? Fay provides no evidence that he was there in late 1970 or early 1971, and Shostakovich’s letter to Glikman of 30 December 1971 suggests that the conversation with Litvinova took place only the following year: there he writes ‘From 10 January we shall be in Ruza, where there is a Composers’ Rest House, much like the one at Repino’. 100 Curiously, Fay does not mention this correspondence, even though it was in print eleven years before A Shostakovich Casebook was published, nor does she quote other passages in Litvinova’s reminiscences that further point to January 1972 as the date of this conversation. For example, she omits Shostakovich’s remarks on Maxim’s success as a conductor. If Shostakovich met with Litvinova sometime after 10 January 1972, to what might he have been referring? It turns out that on 8 January Maxim had been entrusted, for the first time, with the première of one of his father’s major works, the Fifteenth Symphony. 101 In his letters to Glikman of 28 November and 30 December 1971, Shostakovich called attention to this very important event and how ‘Maksim has made great strides recently. He has become a real conductor, and in five years’ time he will achieve even more: he will be older, more experienced, wiser’. 102 Fay also dismisses the notion that Shostakovich would be speaking in 1972 about his Fourteenth Symphony, a work composed three years earlier, rather than about his latest one. However, in his letters of the time, Shostakovich repeatedly mentions not only his own failing health, but the deaths of so many of his contemporaries: [30 December 1971]: During 1971 death carried off several friends and acquaintances, among them the composer Sabitov, Professor Boris Votchal, who treated me in 1966, the film directors Mikhail Shapiro and Mikhail Romm. Zinaida Gayamova, my secretary, has also died, and Aleksandr Kholodilin. 103 99 Fay, A Shostakovich Casebook, p. 54. 100 Story of a Friendship, transl. Anthony Phillips, Cornell University Press, Ithaca, New York, 2001, p, 183 (hereafter Story of a Friendship). No other letter to Glikman from 1970–71, nor any of the latter’s commentaries for this period, mention the composer being in Ruza. Shostakovich’s letters to Sergey Balasanyan (12 January 1972) and Rita Kornblyum (16 January 1972) confirm that he did go to Ruza during work on Testimony (cf. Dmitry Shostakovich: v pis’makh i dokumentakh, pp. 333 and 437). Again, however, none of the letters in this collection place him in Ruza in 1970 or 1971. 101 Fay, p. 254, reports that prior to this, Shostakovich ‘did not feel his son was quite up to the challenge’ to conduct the première of an important work such as his Second Violin Concerto. He preferred Kondrashin for the latter, but did entrust to Maxim the first performance of another, less significant composition, the symphonic poem October, Op. 131, on 16 September 1967. 102 Story of a Friendship, pp. 182–83. 103 Ibid., p. 182. After his second heart attack (in September 1971), Shostakovich paid particularly close attention to the ‘heavy blows and grievous losses’ dealt by Fate. For example, in his letters to Glikman of 20 February and 15 August 1972, and 17 July 1973 he also mentions the passing of Gavriil Popov, 29 It is perfectly understandable, given these somber thoughts, that the composer might discuss his Fourteenth Symphony, with its theme that ‘Death is all-powerful’, with his longtime friend Litvinova. Indeed, even Wilson now acknowledges that Litvinova’s ‘last conversation’ with Shostakovich probably took place in 1972 rather than in the stated 1970 or 1971. 104 Significantly, if Litvinova’s last conversation with Shostakovich were in 1972, then his comment about working on a memoir with a young Leningrad musicologist could very well have been made during work on Testimony. Moreover, if this comment comes from 1972 to 1974, as Litvinova now believes, then Mitchinson’s speculation that Shostakovich was describing work on the Preface to Young Composers of Leningrad makes no sense, since this book was already finished and in print by 1971. How, one might ask, could Shostakovich’s remark date from after his ‘last conversation’ with Litvinova? Apparently, Mitchinson and Fay never considered that Litvinova’s definition of a ‘conversation’ might differ from their own, and refer to a more extended dialogue rather than a few words spoken in passing. The statement in question is one of the latter and she prefaces it by saying that ‘in the last years of his life we met rarely, and not for long, or accidentally. And once, at such a meeting, Dmitry Dmitryevich said [. . .].’ It is unfortunate that Mitchinson and Fay have refused to contact Litvinova, preferring instead to distort Volkov’s, Litvinova’s, and Shostakovich’s words to advance their own spurious theory. 105 3. ‘Les Six Soviétiques’ Revisited As more and more Russians and ex-Soviets came forward to endorse the memoirs, Malcolm Brown exclaimed: ‘It doesn’t matter how many ex-Soviets now believe that Testimony is “essentially accurate”’. 106 Ironically, it does seem to matter to him how many Soviets believe that Testimony is a forgery, for in A Shostakovich Casebook, pp. 80–83, he includes still another translation of the letter of denunciation signed by six students and colleagues of Shostakovich that originally appeared in Literaturnaya Gazeta on 14 November 1979. This material is printed without any qualification, despite the questions we raised about it in Shostakovich Reconsidered: in particular, did the signatories have access to and read the memoirs for themselves before signing the denunciation? When asked at the Midwest Chapter meeting of the American Musicological Society (4 October 1997) if he believed that one should accept, at face value, a denunciation such as ‘Pitiful Forgery’ printed in the Soviet press, Brown responded that he saw no evidence to question it. Vladimir Yurovsky, Nikolay Rabinovich, Vadim Borisovsky, and Aleksandr Mosolov (ibid., pp. 184, 187, and 189). 104 Wilson, 2 nd edn., p. 481, note 32. 105 Fay, not surprisingly, embraces Mitchinson’s theory in A Shostakovich Casebook, pp. 54–55, without question. Like Mitchinson, she too has declined contacting Litvinova. Also notice that, in the statement quoted on p. 27 above, Fay has replaced Litivinova’s phrase ‘last conversation’ with ‘final meeting’. 106 Brown, ‘Communications’, Notes, 50/3, March 1994, pp. 1210–11. 30 Incredibly, Brown still does not question this material nor does he mention that others had refused to sign the denunciation, including three of the composer’s most prominent students — Boris Tchaikovsky, Georgy Sviridov, and Galina Ustvol’skaya — and Rodion Shchedrin, who succeeded Shostakovich as head of the Russian Federation of the Union of Composers (RSFSR) at the latter’s request. 107 Although elsewhere in his book Brown adds some lengthy editorial notes to provide context and to correct errors, his only comment about this letter of denunciation concerns the alphabetical order of the signatories’ names and their birth and death dates. Did a free, unbiased, and accurate press exist in the USSR in 1979, as Brown presumes? Should a scholar cite as evidence, for twenty-five years, a letter of denunciation or an editorial published in any press without carefully checking the facts? Unlike Brown and Fay, who in her 1980 article ‘Shostakovich versus Volkov: Whose Testimony’ also quoted extensively from ‘Pitiful Forgery’ without questioning its genesis or criticisms, Alla Latynina, in ‘A Secret Confrontation,’ comments on the dubious value of this material: I do not know the exact circumstances of the appearance of the anti-Volkov materials in 1979 (even though I worked there): such publications were prepared in deep secret from untrustworthy employees. But rumors abounded. I got the articles in the office of my boss Artur Sergeyevich Terteryan [first deputy editor of Literaturnaya Gazeta] and began to read them in his presence. In the letter, six composers, who called themselves friends and students of Shostakovich, in the language of a KGB report, objected to the book that was published in the U.S.: ‘a pile up of slanderous lies’, ‘futile attempts to blacken our country’. But they said not a word about the substance of the book. ‘And in which language did they read it?’ — I grinned — ‘You mean, they all read English?’ (The letter began with the phrase ‘It is with pain and outrage that we read the book’.) ‘Polyglots, all’, — with an undescribable expression replied Terteryan. ‘But their ears are showing’, — noted I. 107 Shostakovich Reconsidered, p. 64. In a note in Georgy Sviridov’s ‘Muzyka kak sud’ba’ (‘Music as Fate’), Molodaya Gvardiya, 2002, p. 8, his nephew, Aleksandr Belonenko, confirms: Sviridov never publically spoke regarding the problem of authorship of the reminiscences of D. D. Shostakovich, but when he was asked to sign the letter, concerning the author of this publication Solomon Volkov, he refused to do so. This fact did not go unnoticed. Cf. Schwarz, B., Music and Musical Life in Soviet Russia: Enlarged Edition, 1917–1981. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, p. 575. Sviridov had no doubt that the literary transcription was done by Volkov, but saw nothing wrong in it, as the genre of literary transcription of thoughts of this or that composer, and not only composers, had a long history, and, most importantly, had a full right to exist. After all, no one doubts the authenticity of Goethe’s thoughts, as written by Eckermann. 31 ‘Let them’, — grinned Terteryan. And added sarcastically — ‘Shostakovich’s students’. 108 Similarly, Levon Hakobian, a contributor to A Shostakovich Casebook, dismisses both the denunciation’s portrayal of Shostakovich as a loyal Communist and the ‘unanimous’ Soviet criticism of Testimony: No doubt, even in the times when Shostakovich enjoyed supreme official favour, the Party functionaries did not believe the great musician to be a man of their circle. All the ritual exchange of compliments between him and the Soviet power in his last 20 years was nothing more than a game in the style of standard Soviet ‘doublethink’, carried on according to firmly established and universally recognized rules. The ‘unanimous’ criticism of Testimony in the Soviet press, too, was a game of a similar kind. The changed tone of the recent pronouncements of some Russian musicians and critics clearly shows what such a ‘unanimity’ was worth. Nowadays, it is difficult to find any matter for discussion devoted to that history. 109 Elsewhere in A Shostakovich Casebook, Elena Basner and Fay provide several fresh insights on ‘Pitiful Forgery’. 110 Unfortunately, while answering a few questions, their articles raise new ones about the circumstances surrounding this denunciation. If, as Elena Basner reports, 111 a representative of Khrennikov arrived at her ‘father’s place and spent the entire day reading Volkov’s book aloud to him and Boris Ivanovich Tishchenko, translating as he read “from the page”’ back into Russian, one wonders: 112 (1) Was the entire text read or just those portions that would elicit the response desired by Soviet officials? (2) How accurate was the reverse translation? 108 Alla Latynina, ‘Tainy poyedinok’ (‘A Secret Confrontation’), Novy Mir, 2005, No. 2; on the Internet at Download Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
Ma'lumotlar bazasi mualliflik huquqi bilan himoyalangan ©fayllar.org 2024
ma'muriyatiga murojaat qiling
ma'muriyatiga murojaat qiling