Technology of storage and primary processing of agricultural products

Table 10

Ota	Mother gametes
gametes	A 1 A 2	A 1 a 2	a 1 A 2	a 1 a 2
A 1 A 2	A 1 A 1 A 2 A 2	A 1 A 1 A 2 a 2	A 1 a 1 A 2 A 2	A 1 a 1 A 2 a 2
A 1 a 2	A 1 A 1 A 2 a 2	A 1 A 1 a 2 a 2	A 1 a 1 A 2 a 2	A 1 a 1 a 2 a 2
a 1 A 2	A 1 a 1 A 2 A 2	A 1 a 1 A 2 a 2	a 1 a 1 A 2 A 2	a 1 a 1 A 2 a 2
a 1 a 2	A 1 a 1 A 2 a 2	A 1 a 1 a 2 a 2	a 1 a 1 A 2 a 2	a 1 a 1 a 2 a 2

Gamete cross-fertilization (in fertilization) produces 16 genotypes in F ₂ generation , assuming that dark red is 100% red is distributed as follows: 
1/16 A1A1A2A2 dark red grain, 100%
4/16 A1A1A2a2 and A1a1A2A2 red grains, 75%
6/16 A1a1A2a2; A1A1a2a2; a1a1A2A2 light red grain, 50%
4/16 A1a1a2a2 and a1a1A2a2 pink grains, 25%
1/16 a1a1a2a2 white grain, 0%
This means that the separation by phenotype is 15: 1 or 15 parts stained and 1 part unpainted grains.
Modifier effects of genes
Participate in the development of the characters in the body of their lives, but also alter the effects of other genes genes referred to as the modifier. Genes that enhance the effect of the main gene are called modifier- enhancing (inhibitor, intensifier) genes, and those that slow down their effect are called suppressor genes. Modifier genes can be dominant or recessive .
For example, in mice, this color was found to depend not only on the main gene that gave them that color , but also on the presence of more modifier genes (4 to 10). The effect of the modifiers is to cause the color of cattle, pigs, sheep, horses , and the flowers of plants to become opaque.
French scientists F.Jakob and J.Mono (1961-1962) cells and the development of their various production stage, which is known born with production, demand , production identify the possibility of suspension. As it turns out, substances
production is regulated by the interaction of three types of genes, structural genes, operator genes, and regulatory genes .
The genes that determine the sequence of amino acids in polypeptides are called structural genes.
Such genes have the ability to produce a specific enzyme that can stop the synthesis of such an enzyme or, if necessary, continue it. Such regulation is carried out by operator genes and regulatory genes. The operator gene enhances or decreases the activity of the structural gene according to the order of the regulatory gene.
If the amount of a particular enzyme in the cell increases , the regulatory gene (which stops the production of that enzyme ) produces a special substance - inhibitors. Inhibitors cell cytoplasm, the operator Geng is affected by it, it is in turn structured to stop the production of the enzyme gene activity. This phenomenon is called the differential activity of genes.