Technology of storage and primary processing of agricultural products

3. Asparagin	8. Glycine	13. Methionine
18. Tryptophan
4. Asparagin k-t	9. Gistidin	14.Phenylalanine	19. Tyrosine
5. Cysteine	10. Isolate	15. Prolin	20. Valin

 Table 2
Genetic code or table of triplets

First	The second nucleotide								Third
Nucleotide	U		Ts		A		G		nucleotide
U	UUU	Phenylalanine	UTsU	Serin	UAU	Tyrosine	UGU	Tsistein	U
	UUTs		UTsTs		UATs		UGTs		Ts
	UUA	Leytsin	UTsA		UAA	Oxr	UGA	?	A
	UUG		UTsG		UAG	Yant	UGG	Tryptophan	G
Ts	TsUU	Leytsin	TsTsU	Prolin	TsAU	Gistidin	TsGU	Arginine	U
	TsUTs		TsTsTs		TsATs		TsGTs		Ts
	TsUA		TsTsA		TsAA	Glutamine	TsGA		A
	TsUG		TsTsG		TsAG		TsGG		G
A	AUU	Isolate	ATsU	Treonin	AAU	Aspargin	AGU	Serin	U
	AUTs		ATsTs		AATs		AGTs		Ts
	AUA		ATsA		AAA	Lysine	AGA	Arginine	A
	AUG	Methionine	ATsG		AAG		AGG		G
G	GUU	Valin	GTsU	Alanin	GAU	Aspargin	GGU	Glycine	U
	GUTs		GTsTs		GATs		GGTs		Ts
	GUA		GTsA		GAA	Glutamine	GGA		A
	GUG		GTsG		GAG		GGG		G

Get the job done. If the nucleotides in a single strand of a DNA molecule are located as follows
G A Ts Ts G G A A T Ts G T A T Ts A G
We need to identify pairs of nucleotides to form the second strand of this DNA. The pair of adenine nucleotides is thymine, and the pair of cytosine nucleotides is guanine. So the second strand of DNA in our example is as follows.
Ts T G G Ts Ts T T A G Ts A T A G T Ts
If the nucleotides are located in a part of the RNA molecule as follows
A G U G U G G A G G G G U U Ts
To determine the order in which amino acids are arranged in this RNA code-protein chain, we first divide them into triplets.
AGU, GUG, GAG, GGG, UUTs
Using a code table, we determine which amino acids the separated triplets carry. This results in the following amino acid sequence:
Serine, Valine, Glutamine, Glycine, Phenylalanine
Issues to be solved independently
1. If nucleotides are located in a single strand of a DNA molecule as follows: 
TAGAGTTsTsTsGATsATsG
In what order are the nucleotides in the second strand of the same DNA molecule ?
2. Using the Code table of heredity, determine which amino acids are the code for which of the following triplets.
a) G G T, b) A A G, v) Ts G T,
g) T Ts G, d) A G G, e) A A A,
3. A part of a gene consists of nucleotides as follows:
T T T T A Ts A Ts A T G G Ts A G
Cody of the same gene - determine the order of amino acids in a protein molecule.
4. The protein chain is made up of the following amino acids:
valine - leucine - histidine - serine - isoleucine. Determine the nucleotide code of the amino acid.

 

 

 

9- LABORATORY WORK.

Topic: Monoduragay mixing

The purpose of the work. Get acquainted with the laws developed by Mendel and gain an understanding of monoduragay. Monoduragay mixing is the study of the inheritance of traits in generations.
The content of the work. Monoduragay mixing is the mixing of two organisms that differ sharply from each other by a pair of signs. Mendel studied the inheritance of the yellow and green markings of the grain in generations by mixing two sharply different forms of the pea plant with a pair of markers (grain color yellow and green) and developed 3 laws based on the results obtained.
Mendel’s first law is the homogeneity of characters in first-generation hybrids.
Mendel’s second law is the separation of characters in second-generation hybrids.
Mendel’s third law is the independent distribution of characters in generations.
The development of each trait depends on genetic markers (genes are part of the DNA molecule that cause the development of different traits). The offspring receives one gene from the father and the other from the mother organism (in sexual reproduction). From the union of germ cells, a somatic cell is formed, and from the proliferation of this cell, a new organism is formed. In somatic cells, chromosomes are placed in pairs in a diploid state. Each pair of similar chromosomes is called a homologous chromosome . Genes located at a single point on a homologous chromosome are called allelic genes . Genes that produce a single trait are called non-allelic genes if they are located at different points on the homologous chromosome .
Mendel introduced the science of expressing genes with letters in the Latin alphabet . The dominant alleles of genes are denoted by uppercase letters (A, V, S, D, etc.) and the recessive alleles by lowercase letters (a, b, c, d, etc.).
Organisms from the ancestors of the sum of all the genetic characters (genes) genotype is called. Genotypic come into contact with the external environment during the development of an individual as a result of implementation of the sum of all the characters from the phenotype is called.
Pairs of characters that differ sharply from each other are called alternative characters . Allegen genes are genes that develop a sharply differentiated (alternative) pair of traits, such as a gene that gives a yellow color to a pea grain and a green color. A genotype is said to be homozygous (AA yellow) if it contains genes that produce the same trait , and heterozygous (AA yellow-green) if it consists of genes that produce different traits .
One of the remarkable features of a living cell is its ability to carry genetic traits from generation to generation. The new organism develops after the addition of two very small germ cells at the microscopic level, or at the expense of a group of cells. This means that all the genetic information about the future organism is written in these cells . In cell division, chromosomes have been shown to be evenly distributed to new young cells .
The opening of the XIX and XX centuries, the laws of heredity genetic character traits, transition to the role of the chromosomes confirmed. The laws of heredity were first discovered in 1865 by the Czech scientist G. Mendel . Later, in 1900, in three countries, three scientists De-Fries, K.Korens and E.Chermak rediscovered these laws without knowing each other , that is , they once again proved the correctness of Mendel's laws.
G. In his experiments, Mendel confuses different pea varieties with sharply different (alternative) characters. For example, he observed the transmission of grain shape, color, flower color, plant height, and other characteristics in separate experiments . In his study of the laws of hereditary traits, G. Mendel first confused pea varieties that differed by one trait . Such mixing is called monoduragay mixing. For example, mixing yellow and green grain peas.
The first generation - F ₁ hybrid plants are usually similar to the parent or mother generation and have been found to be the same. For example: the first generation plants obtained from the crossbreeding of yellow and green grain varieties were all yellow grains. Mendel's first law is therefore called the law of uniformity of first-generation hybrids. In the next generation, the dominant (yellow) character was called the dominant, underdeveloped (green) recessive character.
If F ₁ yellow- grained plants are self- pollinated and the resulting seeds are replanted, F ₂ second-generation plants will germinate. It is observed that they are 75% yellow and 25% green grains, i.e. in a 3: 1 ratio.