Теоретическая фонетика английского языка
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Зырянова Теоретическая фонетика
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B RANCHES AND D IVISIONS OF P HONETICS Speech sounds have four aspects: articulatory, acoustic, auditory, and functional (social). According to V.A. Vassilyev, these four aspects cannot be separated from one another in the actual process of communication, but each of these four aspects can be singled out for purposes of linguistic analysis and thus becomes a separate object of investigation, which necessitates the division of phonetics as a science into several branches. Each of these branches of phonetics has its own methods of investigation and its own terminology. The branch of phonetics which is concerned with the study, description and classification of speech sounds as regards their production by the human organs of speech is called articulatory phonetics. It is the oldest, the most developed and productive branch of phonetics. Acoustic phonetics studies the way in which the air vibrates between the speaker’s mouth and the listener’s ear, in other words, the acoustic aspect of speech sounds (their physical properties). It is sometimes called 11 experimental, instrumental or laboratory phonetics, because experimental methods and instrumental techniques are widely used here. The branch of phonetics investigating the perception process is known as auditory phonetics. The branch of phonetics that studies the functional (linguistic, social) aspect of speech sounds and all the other components of the sound matter of the language (syllabic structure, word stress and intonation) is called phonology. It investigates sounds as units that serve communicative purposes. Besides the branches of phonetics described above, there are other divisions of phonetics. Traditionally phonetics is divided into general phonetics which studies the nature of phonetic phenomena and formulates phonetic laws and principles and special phonetics which is concerned with the phonetic structure of a particular language. Special phonetics is subdivided into descriptive and historical. Special descriptive phonetics studies the phonetic structure of the language synchronically (i.e. it studies its contemporary phonetic system), while historical phonetics looks at it in its historical development (diachronically). The study of the historical development of the phonetic system of a language helps to understand its present and predict its future. Historical phonetics is connected with general history and the history of the people whose language is studied. Historical phonetics uses the philological method of investigation, which consists in studying written monuments and comparing different spellings of one and the same word. 12 Closely connected with historical phonetics is comparative phonetics which studies the correlation between the phonetic systems of two or more languages. Another important division of phonetics is into segmental phonetics, which is concerned with individual sounds (i.e. “segments” of speech) and suprasegmental phonetics, which deals with the larger units of connected speech: syllables, words, phrases and texts. Phonetics can also be practical and theoretical. Practical phonetics studies the material form of phonetic phenomena in relation to meaning. Theoretical phonetics is mainly concerned with the functioning of phonetic units in the language. There are branches of linguistics which are closely connected with phonetics because some phonetic information and facts are of great importance in their spheres of investigation. Phonostylistics studies phonetic phenomena and processes from the stylistic point of view. It studies the way phonetic means are used in this or that particular situation. Another linguistic branch is phonosemantics. It investigates the connection between the sound form and the meaning. This connection may easily be observed in onomatopoeia (ping-pong, cuckoo). It is also realized in sound symbolism which implies that some sounds and some combinations of sounds may evoke different semantic associations. For example, some words beginning with sl are ugly and unpleasant (slime, slush, slum, slug, slough, slash, slop, sludge). Though there are lots of neutral words. |
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