Теоретическая фонетика английского языка
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Зырянова Теоретическая фонетика
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M ETHODS OF P HONETIC I NVESTIGATION Each branch of phonetics uses its own methods of research. M.A. Sokolova states that phoneticians generally distinguish methods of direct observation (they are carried out without any other instruments of analysis than the human senses) and instrumental methods. The methods of direct observation are the oldest, simplest and most available. They consist in observing the movements and positions of one’s own or other people’s organs of speech in pronouncing various speech sounds, as well as in analysing one’s own muscle sense during the articulation of speech sounds and comparing them with the resultant auditory impressions. These methods can be effective only if a person using them is specially trained. Instrumental methods were introduced into phonetics in the second half of the 19 th century in order to supplement the impressions deriving from the human senses. They are based on the use of special technical devices, such as hand mirror, spectrograph, intonograph, oscillograph, x- ray photography and cinematography, CD records, laryngoscope and others. These two ways of phonetic investigation are widely used in modern phonetics and combined in research work. The “subjective” methods of analysis by sensory impression and the “objective” methods of analysis by instruments are complementary. For instance, articulatory phonetics borders with anatomy and physiology, it uses methods of direct observation, whenever it is possible (lip movements, some tongue movements) combined with x-ray photography or x-ray cinematography, 14 observation through mirrors as in the laryngoscopic investigation of vocal cord movements, etc. Phonology possesses its own methods of investigation (special linguistic methods), which help to interpret phonological and functional properties of sounds as socially significant elements. They will be described later in the course. Download 1.19 Mb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
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