Теория и практика материалы III международной научной конференция 5
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Polilog 2020
Michael Haverkamp (Cologne, Germany)
VISUAL ASPECTS INCORPORATED INTO THE MUSIC OF THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY During the eighteenth century, the expression of multisensory content by means of music has been very popular amongst composers and the audience. This way of painting with music was mainly applied within vocal compositions, but also for instrumental works. Its plausibil- ity has already been discussed during that time, with a focus on aesthet- ical criteria. Literature contains a variety of analytic approaches regard- ing visual references composed by Johann Sebastian Bach, Georg Philipp Telemann, Antonio Vivaldi, and many others. Visual references in- creased the stimulation of emotions within opera music and songs (“Oden”). The expression of affects was a major task to enhance empathy of the listeners. Furthermore, according to the philosopher Christian Wolff, religious lyrics required a specific clarity of expression and illus- tration of the words. Beside cantatas and oratorios, this was particularly important for passion music. It is exemplified within oratorio passions by Johann Sebastian Bach (St Matthew and St John Passion) and Georg Philipp Telemann (e.g. Brockes Passion). This also applies to the many responsorial passions composed by Telemann which in contrast to the free text of oratorio passions are strictly based on Bible lyrics. The ap- proaches of both composers, however, are quite different: J.S. Bach ap- plies a “mathematical momentum” whereas Telemann demonstrates a “sensualistic trait” [Geck, 2017]. Exemplification of Gods working (Di- vine providence) in the sacred music gained particular importance in the context of Physico-theology of the age of Enlightenment. It required an 257 audible imitation of nature, which thus gained increasing importance dur- ing the eighteenth century [Schleuning, 1998]. Beyond that, references towards nature were used to illustrate programmatic aspects of orchestral works. Some examples can be found within: overtures/suites by Georg Philipp Telemann, “Die Schöpfung” by Joseph Haydn or “Le portrait mu- sical de la nature” by Justin Heinrich Knecht. Such references have also been included into chamber music, amongst many others by Heinrich Ig- naz Franz Biber, Antoni Vivaldi and Jean-Philippe Rameau. Overall, the naturalness of musical expression was seen as a significant criterion of aesthetical appearance. Various debates regarding the musical content focused on the question whether painting with music should imitate nature or must be limited to illustration of emotions. A connection of both aspects circum- vents the debate. As an example, a motif which sounds like a tempest is in-parallel capable to point to a storm of emotions. Similarly, the motif of tears used by J.S. Bach within his St Matthew Passion acts as both a physical description of falling tears and emotion, thus stimulating the lis- tener’s empathy with the suffering of Jesus (BWV 244, aria, alto). With view to the high frequency of occurrence of visual references during that era it can be concluded that such multisensory connections were well ac- cepted not only by the experts, but by the majority of the listeners. In order to enable a broad acceptance of painting with music by the listeners, it is not sufficient to refer to the visual field by means of individual, genuine synesthetic connections. Instead, an expanded term of synesthesia needs to include com- mon ways of perceptual connections between the senses [Haverkamp, 2013]. In fact, the word synesthesia is already often been used with a somewhat extended meaning. Painting with music makes use of cross- sensory correspondences and associative (iconic) content. This can be exemplified by analysis of musical expressions of lightning and thunder. The cross-motif which appears in passion music by J.S. Bach, however, shows that even symbolic content serves for interaction of the senses. Moreover, a mathematical correlation of music features and visual ele- ments can be approached. The last-mentioned intentional and abstract way of connecting the senses has not been used for music painting during 258 the eighteenth century. In the twentieth century, however, it was fre- quently used in the other direction: from the auditory to the visual field. In that manner compositions by J.S. Bach were visualised by means of mathematical schemes. Music painting within the eighteenth century often refers to light. As examples, it occurs as a glaring light for an annunciation scene (Georg Philipp Telemann: Christmas Cantata 1761, TWV 1:1334) or as soft light in the adoration of the sun by the Inca (Jean-Philippe Rameau: Les Indes Galantes, 1735, Prélude pour l‘adoration du soleil). Another popular ap- plication of music painting of a glaring light is the lightning as part of the natural scenery of a thunderstorm. For the listener, thunder is illustrated by imitation of its sounds via onomatopoeia, whereas the lightning is plausible via a cross-modal correspondence. When looking at the score, however, the lightning is traceable via an analogy within the visual field (visual to visual), whereas the plausibility of thunder is achieved via a cross-modal correspondence, which makes an agglomerate of notes looks loud and threatening. The tone colour plays an important role in the music of the eight- eenth century. It is conveyed via distinct timbres of solo instruments (German: Spaltklang) or by colouring of string instrument sound by wind instruments (colla parte). As iconic reference to visual sensation, partic- ularly to the colour, it is very important for painting with music. Besides visual features like brightness and colour, sounds well correlate to movement. This frequently occurs with many examples, like blazing flames (Georg Friedrich Händel), rotary movement observed in a fencing school (Johann Heinrich Schmelzer), or even the moving plan- ets when the celestial mechanics is envisioned (Georg Philipp Tele- mann). The tendency to include visual aspects into compositions did not change during the nineteenth and even the twentieth century. Expression of affects and natural phenomena still played an important role. In order to understand all facets of painting with sound and music, a holistic con- cept of synesthesia as described is beneficial which includes all types of cross-modal connections. |
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