The Classification of Words
§ 192. Before discussing the grammatical categories we
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теор грамматика
§ 192. Before discussing the grammatical categories we shall consider some general classifications of verbs based on their formal, semantical and functional properties, viz. the division of verbs into standard and non-standard, notional and semi-notional, subjective and objective, terminative and non-term inative. j Though not based on grammatical meanings and categories, these classifications and the terms they involve will come in useful when we discuss the categories themselves and the functioning of verb grammemes in speech. § 193. Write, writes, wrote, writing, written are all the synthetic forms the lexeme contains (see § 19). For short, we shall call them the forms of the 'infinitive', 'present', 'past', 'participle Г and 'participle 1Г respectively. The form of the stem coincides with the form of the 'infinitive' /rait-/. The form of the 'past' is related with that of the stem by vowel change ai ]> ou . The form of 'participle II' is related with the form of the stem by vo\\el change /ai ^> i' and affixation /-n/. The lexeme ask, asks, asked, asking, etc. contains only four synthetic forms The forms of the 'past' and 'participle 1Г coincide (asked) and are correlated with the form of the stem b\ affixation alone, the suffix being /-t/. The overwhelming majority of English verbs resemble the verb ask and are therefore called standard or regular. The form of the suffix may be /-t/, /-d/ or /-id depending on the final sound of the stern. Some two hundred verbs deviate from the standard verbs and are called non-standard or irregular They do not present a uniform group Some of them resemble the verb write (speak, drive, eat, etc.). Others form the 'past' and 'participle II' without affixation (cut, put, shed, etc.). Still others 120 use both vowel and consonant change and affixation to form the 'past' (teach, buy). Some make use of suppletivity (go, be) \ As we see, the difference between the standard and the non-standard verbs is purely formal. We should therefore call this classification formal rather than morphological as the tradition goes. Download 1.92 Mb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
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