The Failures of Mathematical Anti-Evolutionism
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The Failures of Mathematical Anti-Evolutionism (Jason Rosenhouse) (z-lib.org)
(Moorhead and Kaplan 1967, 21–22)
This sort of intellectual modesty is ubiquitous throughout the pre- sentation. For example, after stating that he will discuss certain variables and parameters that are relevant to modeling evolution mathematically, Ulam says: 4.4 the perils of long-term modeling 101 In my talk, I will give you a whole set of such parameters with values it is important to know. The trouble is that at present realistic definitions of these parameters, not to mention the numerical values, are completely unknown. (Moorhead and Kaplan 1967, 22) These are not the remarks of someone who believes he has a mathe- matical refutation of evolution. He went on to identify some of the important variables that govern the rate of evolution. For example, we need to know the sizes of the populations with which we are dealing, the average life span of the members of the population, the amount of time available for the whole process, the frequency of favorable mutations, and the selective advantage a given favorable mutation might give to its bearer. When we have in mind a specific biological system, we must also estimate the number of genetic changes required to go from an ancestral state lacking the system to a descendant state possessing it. Ulam used the eye as his model system, and he suggested possible values for some of the relevant parameters. With respect to this part of the presentation, there were two items in particular that drew objections from the biologists, especially Mayr. The first was Ulam’s suggestion that if the eye had evolved through a large number of small improvements, then each individual improvement would have only a very small selective advantage. Mayr objected to this, citing then recent experimental work showing that it was likely the selective advantages would have been much higher (thereby speeding up the evolutionary process considerably). The second was when Ulam suggested that the numerous small improvements leading to the evolution of the eye had to happen in succession. His model entailed that one improvement had to appear and spread through the population before the next one could arise. Mayr objected to this as well, suggesting that to a large degree they could all go on simultaneously. There was some back and forth at this 102 4 the legacy of the wistar conference point in which Ulam suggested such a scenario was unlikely and Mayr disagreed, but the discussion quickly went off in a different direction, and the issue was not explored. As it happens, precisely this issue arose in a portion of Eden’s presentation that I did not discuss in Section 4.2. Specifically, at one point Eden suggested that the improvements on which evolution relied had to come in succession, with one becoming fixed in the population before the next one could arise and spread. Waddington, in a summary paper delivered at the end of the conference, gave the correct response to this. His statement applies equally well to Ulam’s remarks and shows that Mayr was right to object: The point was made that to account for some evolutionary changes in hemoglobin, one requires about 120 amino acid substitutions. The calculations were done on the basis of treating these substitutions as individual events, as though it is necessary to get one of them done and spread through the population before you could start processing the next one. The whole thing has to be done in sequence; and of course, if you add up the time for all those sequential steps, it amounts to quite a long time. But the point the biologists want to make is that that isn’t really what is going on at all. We don’t need 120 changes one right after the other. … Calculations about the length of time of evolutionary steps have to take into account the fact that we are dealing with gene pools, with a great deal of genetic variability, present simultaneously. To deal with them as sequences of individual steps is going to give you estimates that are wildly out. Download 0.99 Mb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
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