The Failures of Mathematical Anti-Evolutionism
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The Failures of Mathematical Anti-Evolutionism (Jason Rosenhouse) (z-lib.org)
(Moorhead and Kaplan, 93)
That is exactly right and perfectly summarizes why the biologists were so unimpressed by what Eden and Schützenberger had to say. The modern legacy of the Wistar conference has three parts. The first is that it brought to prominence the strategy of modeling evolution as a combinatorial search so that mathematics can be deployed against it. As we have noted, this is the strategy underlying all of the major strands of mathematical anti-evolutionism today. The second is that we see the two main strategies that are used to implement the model. We can either follow Eden by carrying out a calculation of some sort, or we can follow Schützenberger in looking for general principles that will militate against evolution’s plausibility. The final point is that we see in their presentations the general errors that have proven fatal to all such arguments proposed to date. Those following Eden have been unable to formulate a biolog- ically reasonable calculation, while those following Schützenberger run afoul of empirical considerations. One of the participants at the Wistar conference was botanist J. L. Crosby. Exasperated by what he felt were manifest errors in Ulam’s presentation, he unleashed a broadside that will serve as a fitting coda to this chapter: It always seems to me that there is such an air of gorgeous unreality when mathematicians come to deal with biological subjects and I think that is the case here. … I feel that mathematicians often take ideas of biology to amuse themselves, rather than to advance knowledge. They are quite welcome to take our ideas, which must present them with an enormous field of possibilities for mathematical maneuvering; but I do really think that if they want us to take these things 108 4 the legacy of the wistar conference seriously, they have to present them in a way in which not only do we understand them but in which they make biological sense. (Moorhead and Kaplan 1967, 31) 4.6 notes and further reading The Wistar conference had no significant impact on the work of biologists, and it received almost no scholarly attention at all after it ended. A perfunctory review of the conference proceedings appeared in the journal Science in April 1968, written by botanist John L. Harper. He wrote: Most biologists are satisfied with a theory that can be tested and that proves predictive. It is a different challenge to a theory that it should have an effective working model, for failure may imply either imperfection in the theory or imperfection in the model. It is doubtful whether this symposium has done much to influence the theory of evolution; it may have done much to improve future models. (Harper 1968, 408) The first part of Harper’s conclusion has proven true, but the second part has not. Notwithstanding the manifest weakness of Eden’s and Schützenberger’s arguments, anti-evolutionists frequently tout the Wistar conference in their writing. A recent example is ID proponent Stephen Meyer, who devotes nearly eight pages to the conference in his book Darwin’s Doubt (Meyer 2013). We shall consider some of what he said about the conference in Chapter 5. Molecular biology and computer science were both in a very rudimentary state when the conference was held in 1966. Both fields have blossomed spectacularly in the ensuing decades, with results that have not been kind to the perspectives of Eden and Schützenberger. Molecular biologists have learned a lot about the geometrical structure of protein space, and their results make Eden’s simplistic combinatorial calculations look hopelessly naive. Schützenberger’s arguments about computer simulations have likewise not held up, and computer simulations of the evolutionary process are now commonplace. We will discuss this work in Chapter 6. 4.6 notes and further reading 109 In previous writing, I provided documentation regarding the propensity of anti-evolutionists to engage in extremely dishonest rhetorical strategies, such as quoting scientists out of context to make them appear to be saying something entirely different from their actual point (Rosenhouse 2002a, 2005). The webpage edited by John Pieret (2006) is also very useful for this purpose. It seems that this has long been an unsavory aspect of anti-evolutionist writing. In a 1973 essay, geneticist Theodosius Dobzhansky wrote: Disagreements and clashes of opinion are rife among biologists, as they should be in a living and growing science. Antievolutionists mistake, or pretend to mistake, these disagreements as indications of dubiousness of the entire doctrine of evolution. Their favorite sport is stringing together quotations, carefully and sometimes expertly taken out of context, to show that nothing is really established or agreed upon among evolutionists. Some of my colleagues and myself have been amused an amazed to read ourselves quoted in a way showing that we are really antievolutionists under the skin. (Dobzhansky 1973, 129) A few years after the Wistar conference, Ulam published a lengthy paper outlining his ideas for mathematizing various biological problems (Ulam 1972). In those sections of the paper that address evolution, Ulam expresses no skepticism about it at all. Instead he writes as though he regards phylogenetic reconstruction (working out the precise evolutionary relationships among both modern and fossil species) as an integral and legitimate aspect of biological practice. As suggested by his presentation at the Wistar conference, Ernst Mayr was generally skeptical of mathematical treatments of evolution. In Download 0.99 Mb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
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