The Failures of Mathematical Anti-Evolutionism
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The Failures of Mathematical Anti-Evolutionism (Jason Rosenhouse) (z-lib.org)
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. For his target he chose the flagellum of the bacterium E. coli. As we have mentioned, the flagellum is a whip-like appendage that gyrates back and forth, thereby propelling the bacterium through its environment. It is composed of numerous coordinated proteins that operate in a manner reminiscent of an outboard motor on a small boat. For his argument to work, Dembski needs to show the flagellum is both complex and specified. 138 5 probability theory Within Dembski’s framework, establishing complexity requires a probability calculation. He bases his calculation on the concept of irreducible complexity we discussed back in Section 2.5. Recall that an irreducibly complex system is one that requires several mutually dependent parts to function. That is, the removal of any one part causes the machine to fail catastrophically. We noted that this concept was introduced by Michael Behe, who argued that an irre- ducibly complex system could not evolve in a gradual, stepwise manner. Dembski accepts this argument, writing: Richard Dawkins has memorably described this gradualistic approach to achieving biological complexity as “climbing Mount Improbable.” … For irreducibly complex systems that have numerous diverse parts and that exhibit the minimal level of complexity needed to retain a minimal level of function, such a gradual ascent up Mount Improbable is no longer possible. (Dembski 2002, 290) He then argues: An irreducibly complex system is a discrete combinatorial object. Probabilities therefore naturally arise and attach to such objects. Such objects are invariably composed of building blocks. Moreover, these building blocks need to be [sic] converge on some location. Finally, once at this location the building blocks need to be configured to form the object. It follows that the probability of obtaining an irreducibly complex system is the probability of originating the building blocks required for the system, multiplied times the probability of locating them in one place once the building blocks are given, multiplied times the probability of configuring them once the building blocks are given and located in one place. (Dembski 2002, 290–291) Thus, there are two parts to the calculation: • Use irreducible complexity to justify treating the system as a “discrete combinatorial object.” 5.7 is the flagellum complex and specified? 139 • Model the system’s existence as the result of a threefold process of origination, localization, and configuration. At the end of Section 5.5, I presented two questions that any anti-evolution probability argument must answer: Why is it legiti- mate to reduce probability to combinatorics, and why should evolu- tionists worry about the small number at the end of the calculation? We now see how Dembski proposes to answer these questions: • Irreducibly complex systems cannot evolve in a gradual, stepwise manner, and this justifies treating them as “discrete, combinatorial objects.” • Functional systems are not only improbable, but also specified, and it is the combination of the two that explains why we should infer design. Now, in Section 2.5, I used Michael Behe’s original definition of irreducible complexity, as presented in his 1996 book. Most recent ID writing in the present employs precisely this definition. However, Dembski developed his own definition, in an attempt to circum- vent the sorts of criticisms I discussed in Section 2.5. Here is that definition: A system performing a given basic function is irreducibly complex if it includes a set of well-matched, mutually interacting, nonarbitrarily individuated parts such that each part in the set is indispensable to maintaining the system’s basic, and therefore original, function. The set of these indispensable parts is known as the irreducible core of the system. (Dembski 2002, 285) This definition is only reasonable if we accept that the “basic” function of a set of parts in the present must be the same as its original function in some precursor system. There is no reason at all to accept that, however, since we have already seen that cooption of function is commonplace in evolution. This is especially relevant when considering the flagellum, since there is substantial evidence that such cooption occurred in the course of its evolution. If we eliminate the clause “and therefore original,” then this definition is only trivially different from Behe’s, and the criticisms we made against his argument apply with equal force here. Mutual 140 5 probability theory interdependence of parts in the present has no relevance at all to the possibility of functional precursors in the past, and that is true regard- less of whether we use Behe’s definition or Dembski’s definition. Let us return now to Dembski’s flagellum calculation. He justifies his reduction of probability to combinatorics by asserting that an irreducibly complex system cannot emerge by gradual evo- lution. Since we have seen that this is false, the logic underlying the calculation collapses. Dembski’s use of probability is therefore no improvement at all over the BAI. We can reject his argument without considering the details of his origination-localization-configuration model for the appearance of a complex adaptation. (As it happens, those details will be relevant in Section 5.8, so we will defer further discussion until then.) Thus, Dembski has no way to establish com- plexity in the precise sense that he needs. Let us see if he does any better in establishing specification. He writes: Biological specification always refers to function. An organism is a functional system comprising many functional subsystems. In virtue of their function, these systems embody patterns that are objectively given and can be identified independently of the systems that embody them. (Dembski 2002, 148) With regard to the flagellum specifically, he writes: [I]n the case of the bacterial flagellum, humans developed outboard rotary motors well before they figured out that the flagellum was such a machine. This is not to say that for the biological function of a system to constitute a specification humans must have independently invented a system that performs the same function. Nevertheless, independent invention makes the detachability of a pattern from an event or object all the more stark. At any rate, no biologist I know questions whether the functional systems that arise in biology are specified. (Dembski 2002, 289) 5.7 is the flagellum complex and specified? 141 We can smile at that last remark, since Dembski’s idiosyncratic version of “specificity” plays no role at all in contemporary biology. This paragraph does little to allay our fear that saying of a flagellum that it resembles an outboard motor is comparable to saying of a cloud that it resembles a dragon. Biologists argue that evolution produces functional structures as a matter of course, and this lends some urgency to the question of whether the function of a system can serve as a specification in Dembski’s sense. In other words, in the context of evolution, does bearing a resemblance to an outboard motor constitute a design-suggesting pattern, or is it just a normal outcome of the evolutionary process? Dembski’s notion of “detachability” is meant to address this issue. Roughly, he means that a proper specification is one that is describable without any reference to the object itself. A simple analogy that illustrates the idea is firing an arrow at the side of a barn. After firing the arrow, we can paint a small circle around its landing point to pretend that we hit a very small target. That would be a nondetachable pattern – we needed to see where the arrow landed before painting the target. But if we paint a small target on the barn before firing, then we have a detachable pattern. A significant section of No Free Lunch is devoted to providing a mathematical justification for the notion of “detachability.” This section is impressively technical, invoking difficult ideas from the theory of statistical hypothesis testing. First I will present the crucial Download 0.99 Mb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
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