The Failures of Mathematical Anti-Evolutionism
part of the quote just says that we have a set of possible outcomes
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The Failures of Mathematical Anti-Evolutionism (Jason Rosenhouse) (z-lib.org)
part of the quote just says that we have a set of possible outcomes equipped with a probability distribution and that we have collected some empirical data. We want to know if the data fits a pattern that suggests design. In Dembski’s framework, we do this by using a function to assign a number to each outcome and then by determining whether our data corresponds to an extreme value for that function. In the jargon of probability theory this function is known as a “random variable.” To ensure we defined our random variable honestly, we require that it arise from background knowledge that is independent of any knowledge of the data itself. The rejection regions, which are represented by the notations T γ and T δ , represent values of the random variable that are unlikely to be due to chance alone. Visually, this is shown in Figure 5.3. Most events correspond to points in the white region under the graph, and these are of sufficiently high probability that we regard chance alone to be a plausible explanation. The notations T γ and T δ refer to the tails of 144 5 probability theory T T γ δ Most events happen here figure 5.3 In a statistical experiment, some results can be attributed to chance, while others are deemed sufficiently improbable as to require some other explanation. Visually, we might say that most events are found in the white region under the graph. Those in the shaded zones are deemed to have fallen into the “rejection region,” meaning that we reject chance alone as an explanation. the distribution, shaded gray in the figure. Events in these “rejection regions” are deemed to be so improbable that chance alone is consid- ered unlikely as an explanation. We can readily present the “lady drinking tea” experiment in these terms. The set of possible outcomes contains all the ways the lady might have assigned the labels “tea first” or “milk first” to the eight cups. Our chance hypothesis is that she is just guessing, and this induces the uniform probability distribution on our set of possible outcomes. Our random variable assigns to each possible outcome the number of “tea first” cups she successfully identified. Since we can assign these probabilities without knowing the result of the experiment, this is a detachable function. Finally, the rejection region corresponds to getting all four “tea first” cups right, since that has a probability of less than 5%. 5.7 is the flagellum complex and specified? 145 This might still seem very technical, but the underlying idea is pretty clear. If you specify a region of low probability before carrying out the experiment, and then the data ends up falling right into that region, you suspect that something other than chance is at play. Dembski refers to that low-probability region as a “specification.” If the experiment has already been done, then it is important that the specification be describable without reference to the data itself. This is what Dembski means in saying that a specification has to be “detachable.” However, you will notice that Dembski provides nothing com- parable to our discussion of the “lady tasting tea” experiment for his flagellum example. Have another look at that highly technical quotation. He defines various mathematical objects, represented by letters such as , K, E, f, T γ , and T δ . When we apply Dembski’s framework to an actual example, we need to be able to link up these letters to their real-world counterparts. Otherwise we have simply defined a lot of mathematical symbolism for no good reason. In other words, early in the book, he devotes many dense, technical pages to developing a piece of mathematical machinery said to identify design-suggesting specifications. But when it comes time to apply this machinery later in the book, it is as though these earlier pages never happened. Dembski just declares it obvious that the flagellum is specified because it resembles an outboard motor. He does not explain how our background knowledge “explicitly and univocally” defines an appropriate rejection function, nor does he quantify anything that might help us understand his sets T Download 0.99 Mb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
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