The Failures of Mathematical Anti-Evolutionism
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The Failures of Mathematical Anti-Evolutionism (Jason Rosenhouse) (z-lib.org)
sums when rolling two dice. Note that the first row
should be taken to mean that P( 2) = P(12) = 1/36, the second row means that P( 3) = P(11) = 1/18, and so forth. Outcome Probability 2 or 12 1 36 3 or 11 1 18 4 or 10 1 12 5 or 9 1 9 6 or 8 5 36 7 1 6 on how we arrived at some of these fractions, note that 2/36 = 1/18, 3/36 = 1/12, and so on. In simple examples involving coins, playing cards, or dice, choosing the right distribution seems pretty straightforward. How- ever, choosing the right distribution can be a very difficult practical problem when dealing with data sets drawn from complex, real-life situations. If you decide to pursue a career in statistics, much of your training will involve learning how to discern the probability distribution appropriate to different kinds of data. For us, however, the point is this: A serious probability calculation can only be carried out within a properly defined probability space, and the burden is on the one doing the calculation to justify their choice of distribution. Now suppose you are an anti-evolutionist. You start with a track one intuition that there is something improbable in the idea of evolution, or any other naturalistic process, crafting complex, functional structures. But you also know that scientists will not take seriously a mere statement of incredulity. So you go looking for a track two argument. This entails defining a proper probability space, which in turn entails enumerating the outcomes and assigning probabilities to each. 5.3 the hardy–weinberg law 117 Anti-evolutionists have tried a number of approaches to meet- ing this burden, but we shall argue that none are at all successful. However, we must attend to some further preliminaries before exam- ining their arguments. 5.3 the hardy–weinberg law Most of this chapter is devoted to the poor probability arguments put forth by anti-evolutionists. As preparation for this, let us first consider a reasonable application of probability to evolution. Evolutionary biology addresses fundamental questions about the origins of humanity, and that is one of the reasons it receives so much attention from nonscientists. However, the daily work of most biologists is not about anything quite so grand as ultimate origins. Much of the routine work in evolution is devoted to mundane questions of the following sort: Given a population of organisms and some knowledge about the frequencies of various genes, what can we say about the gene frequencies a few generations hence? Since such questions involve the genetics of populations, the branch of evolutionary biology that studies them is known as “population genetics.” How might we develop a mathematical model to study this question? A typical scenario in genetics is for an animal’s chromosomes to contain two copies of a gene that can exist in two different forms. If we refer to these genes as A and B, then we can say that each animal is either of type AA, BB, or AB, depending on whether the two copies of the gene in that animal are the same or different. We can then imagine listing the types for all the animals in the local population, which would produce a big collection of As and Bs. From this collection, we could work out the percentage of the total that are As, as well as the percentage that are Bs. For example, if there were five animals in the population of types |
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