The Failures of Mathematical Anti-Evolutionism
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The Failures of Mathematical Anti-Evolutionism (Jason Rosenhouse) (z-lib.org)
(Dembski and Marks 2011, 362)
Biologists will not agree that the central issue is as Dembski and Marks have characterized it. They will also note a strange confla- tion between “biological evolution” in the first sentence and “Dar- winian naturalism” later on. The theory of biological evolution, as 6.11 notes and further reading 217 understood by scientists, takes no stand at all on questions involving the completeness of nature in the sense Dembski and Marks describe. Instead it is organized around certain strong claims regarding common descent and the ability of natural selection to craft complex structures over time. These are precisely the claims challenged so vigorously in the writing of ID proponents, and they are the claims defended by scientists in their replies. It is these challenges and responses that comprise the debate, such as it is, between scientists and ID proponents, and not any philosophical concerns regarding naturalism or its alternatives. For all their mathematical jargon and notation, Dembski and Marks have made no serious argument at all. They are merely asking why the universe is as it is. It is a fine thing to ask, and they are certainly welcome to take up this subject with the physicists and philosophers. The fact remains that there is nothing in their theorizing that is relevant to the professional work of biologists, and there is nothing in it to diminish our confidence in evolutionary theory. 6.11 notes and further reading The book by Pierce (1961) is an excellent, mostly nontechnical, introduction to the history, development, and applications of information theory. Among many good high-level textbooks on the subject, I especially like the one by Applebaum (1996). I focused primarily on Shannon’s version of information theory since it is both the easiest to understand and the one that is most commonly used in scientific applications. There is another approach to this subject known as “algorithmic information theory,” whose main ideas are typically attributed to Kolmogorov, Solomonoff, and Chaitin. The basic idea is to define a measure of complexity based on the length of the shortest computer program that would be needed to produce the piece of information in question. ID proponents sometimes refer to algorithmic information theory in their work, but not in any way that affects our conclusions in this chapter. The article 218 6 information and combinatorial search by Divine (2014) is a high-level discussion of intelligent design and algorithmic information theory. For a discussion of the history of the concept of gene duplication and divergence, have a look at the article by Taylor and Raes (2004). They make it clear that the concept has been known to biology going back to the early twentieth century, making it all the more remarkable that anti-evolutionists persist in their charge that known processes cannot account for information growth in the genome. In Section 6.3, I speculated about the possibility of defining a measure of “functional information.” An attempt in that direction was proposed in a paper by Hazen, Griffin, Carothers, and Szostak (2007). Roughly, they define the functional information of a system to be the probability that a randomly chosen configuration of its parts will be able to perform the same function as well as or better than the actual configuration. This is an interesting idea, but it is unclear how useful it is for practical biological problems. In their paper, the authors apply their concept to symbolic systems such as letter sequences and artificial life experiments, as well as to certain RNA polymers. As a mathematician, it is not exactly part of my daily routine to keep up with the literature in the field of molecular evolution. Nonetheless, I had no doubt what I would find when I started my research for Section 6.6. Molecular evolution has been a major field of study since at least the 1960s. If the only thing researchers ever discovered was that proteins are exquisitely sensitive to the slightest change, the field would have died out long ago. It was the work of about an hour, using an internet search engine and browsing through relevant academic journals, to acquire a large stack of papers showing that protein space allows for considerable exploration through known mechanisms. In reading anti-evolutionist literature, you always have to keep in mind that their descriptions of current work rarely have much connection to reality. Throughout this book, I have accepted the premise that protein space is incredibly vast, and that only a small portion of it has been explored. I have argued that even from this starting point the anti-evolutionist arguments based on search and probability do not work. However, both of these premises have been strongly challenged. A fascinating article by Dryden, Thomson, and White (2008) provide reasons for skepticism about both premises. They write: 6.11 notes and further reading 219 Two assumptions are generally made when considering the molecular evolution of functional proteins during the history of life on Earth. Firstly, the size of protein sequence space, i.e. the number of possible amino acid sequences, is astronomically large and, secondly, that only an infinitesimally small portion has been explored during the course of life on Earth. … As will be described below, others have concluded that the first assumption is incorrect, and we agree with this conclusion. However, we also conclude that the second assumption is incorrect and calculate that most of the sequence space may have been explored. Download 0.99 Mb. 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