The Failures of Mathematical Anti-Evolutionism
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The Failures of Mathematical Anti-Evolutionism (Jason Rosenhouse) (z-lib.org)
(Clark 1943, 60)
7.7 statistical mechanics versus evolution? 243 Some historical context might help to understand Clark’s point, since we must recall that he was writing in 1943. By the start of the twentieth century, the scientific community was united in its acceptance of common descent, but divided over the mechanism of evolution. A school of thought known as “mutationism” held that mutations alone were the fundamental mechanism. Proponents of this view did not accept Darwin’s emphasis on evolution’s gradual- ness. They argued instead that the process unfolded in large, discrete steps, via what we would today refer to as “macromutations.” By 1943 this school had largely yielded to the view expressed by Huxley in the quotation above. Clark nonetheless devotes consid- erable space to refuting mutationism as unworkable. He was right to be skeptical (though we should note that the problems with mutationism have nothing to do with entropy or thermodynamics). However, in emphasizing the implausibility of large-scale mutations leading to significant increases in order, Clark seems to have missed Huxley’s point entirely. Clark writes as though natural selection is just an add-on to mutationism, so that selection merely preserves large-scale changes after they occur by chance macromutations. This is not the case, of course. Huxley’s point was that the improbability of complex systems can be broken down into a large number of small, manageable steps, each of which is preserved by natural selection. Clark never addresses this possibility, and therefore his argument simply fails. 7.7 statistical mechanics versus evolution? Not long after after Clark presented his case to the Victorian Society, the French biophysicist Pierre Lecomte du Noüy published his own version of the second law argument. It appeared in his 1947 book Human Destiny , which was a bestseller at the time. At its core, du Noüy’s argument was the same as Clark’s: evolutionary theory implies an increase in ordered complexity over time, while the second law implies this is not possible. However, he 244 7 thermodynamics made two contributions to the argument’s development. The first was to link it specifically to the probabilistic understanding of entropy provided by statistical mechanics: One of the greatest successes of modern science was to link the fundamental Carnot–Clausius law (also called the second law of thermodynamics), keystone of our actual interpretation of the inorganic world, with the calculus of probabilities. Indeed, the great physicist Boltzmann proved that the inorganic, irreversible evolution imposed by this law corresponded to an evolution toward more “probable” states, characterized by an ever-increasing symmetry, a leveling of energy. … Now, we men, at the surface of the earth, are witnesses to another kind of evolution: that of living things. We have already seen that the laws of chance, in their actual state, cannot account for the birth of life. But now we find that they forbid any evolution other than that which leads to less and less dissymmetrical states, while the history of the evolution of life reveals a systematic increase in dissymmetries, both structural and functional. (du Noüy 1947, 41–42) Later, du Noüy is more blunt: [T]he evolution of living beings, as a whole, is in absolute contradiction to the science of inert matter. It is in disagreement with the second principle of thermodynamics, the keystone of our science, based on the laws of chance. Download 0.99 Mb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
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