The Failures of Mathematical Anti-Evolutionism
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The Failures of Mathematical Anti-Evolutionism (Jason Rosenhouse) (z-lib.org)
(du Noüy 1947, 224)
Du Noüy’s second contribution was to provide numerical pre- cision, in the form of a calculation regarding the chance formation of a single protein molecule: It is impossible, because of the tremendous complexity of the question, to lay down the basis for a calculation which would enable one to establish the probability of the spontaneous appearance of life on earth. However, the problem can be greatly 7.7 statistical mechanics versus evolution? 245 simplified and we can try to calculate the probability of the appearance, by chance alone, of certain essential elements of life, certain large molecules, proteins for instance. (du Noüy 1947, 33) If you have read Chapter 5, then you know what is coming next. The calculation proceeds along the lines described in Section 5.5, and fails for the reasons enumerated there. However, there is a further aspect of this to which we should call attention. It is interesting that du Noüy saw his calculation as a contri- bution to the second law argument. That is, he did not merely say, “I have calculated a small probability, and this shows evolution is impossible.” Instead he said something closer to, “I have calculated a small probability. And since the second law of thermodynamics says that low probability configurations do not occur naturally, this augurs against evolution, or at least against the spontaneous appearance of life.” Physicist Richard Burling published an eloquent rebuttal to du Noüy’s calculation in 1953 (note that du Noüy based his calculation on prior work due to the Swiss physicist Charles-Eugène Guye): [du Noüy’s] computation is spurious since it ignores relevant chemical knowledge and is based on the obviously simple assumption that atoms exert on each other forces analogous to those exerted by billiard balls. By ignoring any knowledge about the chemical forces acting between atoms, as Guye did, and making random arrangements of billiard-ball models of sodium and chlorine atoms, one can easily show in the same way that the exact alternation of Na and Cl atoms required for the formation of even a submicroscopic crystal of common salt is a statistically “impossible” miracle, completely unintelligible in a universe subject to the second law of thermodynamics. (Burling 1953, 184) Of more relevance to our present concerns, however, are the problems inherent in the second part of du Noüy’s argument. Even if we were to accept for argument’s sake the legitimacy of his 246 7 thermodynamics computation, it would still not be correct to see it as supportive of the second law argument. The structure of du Noüy’s argument is clear: The chance formation of even a single protein is highly improbable, and since the second law is fundamentally about probability we have established a conflict between evolutionary theory and the second law. However, the statistical mechanical interpretation of entropy, on which du Noüy bases his argument, is not about probability per se. Rather, it is about probability theory deployed in a particular manner with regard to systems that are seen to satisfy certain properties. The founders of statistical mechanics meant to apply their reasoning to gases, where you have large numbers of identical particles that are randomly colliding with each other in the manner of billiard balls. Their methods do not apply in any straightforward way to problems in organic chemistry or to the biology of living organisms. In short, it is the probability calculation itself that is doing all the work in du Noüy’s discourse and not anything learned from thermodynamics. As with the other, similar, calculations we have previously considered, it is based on a model too unrealistic to be useful. It also provides no support to claims of a contradiction between evolutionary theory and the second law. 7.8 thermodynamics in “the genesis flood” After du Noüy, the second law argument was advocated by Henry Morris. In a series of writings starting with his 1961 book The Genesis Flood , coauthored with John Whitcomb Jr., Morris gave the second law a prominent place in his writing. He developed the argument in several ways beyond what we have seen. Morris, a hydraulic engineer who spent 11 years as a faculty member at Virginia Polytechnic Institute, is generally credited with founding the modern young-Earth creationist movement. The Gene- Download 0.99 Mb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
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