The Failures of Mathematical Anti-Evolutionism
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The Failures of Mathematical Anti-Evolutionism (Jason Rosenhouse) (z-lib.org)
(Dawkins 2009, 415)
Assertions of this general sort are commonplace in the anti- creationist literature. This is a perfectly acceptable reply, and it certainly exposes a clear error in simplistic versions of the second law argument. However, we have seen that the restriction to isolated systems is more properly viewed as a special case of the second law. If the second law is construed as the relationship expressed in equation 7.2, then it applies to any sort of system. In light of this, let us finally turn the floor over to the anti-evolutionists, to better understand why they think the second law poses a challenge to evolutionary theory. 7.6 the basic argument from thermodynamics We shall take for our starting point a pair of papers from the early 1940s. One was published by R. E. D. Clark in 1943, while the other was published by E. H. Betts in 1944 (Clark 1943, Betts 1944). Both were presented to the Victoria Institute, an organization of Christian scientists created shortly after the publication of Darwin’s On the Origin of Species , and which, under the working name “Faith and Thought,” remains in existence today. Interestingly, both papers were called “Evolution and Entropy.” Since both authors presented similar arguments, while Clark’s were presented with greater cogency and lucidity, we shall use his paper as representative. Throughout his essay, Clark refers to the “law of entropy,” instead of the “second law of thermodynamics.” Though this termi- nology is seldom used today, for the purposes of this section we shall mostly follow Clark’s usage. 7.6 the basic argument from thermodynamics 239 Clark is clear that his argument is meant as an appeal to common sense, but one that is backed up by notions from physics. He notes with some asperity the willingness of philosophers to challenge our most familiar and fundamental metaphysical constructs, and replies thus: Every intuitive idea has suffered a similar fate; philosophers have doubted causality, have doubted the existence of a physical world, have doubted interaction between mind and matter, have doubted every conceivable dictate of common sense. And so, right up to modern times, men and women are to be found who suppose that by the working of some inscrutable principle, nature is in the habit of producing order where chaos existed before. (Clark 1943, 50) He is equally clear that in speaking of the “law of entropy” he envisions something more general than what physicists and engineers typically have in mind: It seems advisable, therefore, to extend the meaning of the word “entropy” so as to make it a synonym for “disorder.” In this sense the “law of entropy” must be understood to mean the law that disorder will tend to increase, but that order can never arise spontaneously from chaos. It is in this form only, of course, that the law is related to the theory of evolution. (Clark 1943, 51) In a footnote to this passage, Clark explicitly contrasts his version of the law with, “the specialised law of entropy of the physicist and engineer …” (Clark 1943, 51) He continues the argument by suggesting that in light of this proposed law, apparent increases in order must be explained away as being illusory: In the world of physics chaos is constantly increasing, energy is becoming less and less available. But while some of the still ordered energy is turning into energy in a less ordered condition, it will chance now and again that groups of atoms will arrange 240 7 thermodynamics themselves in what appear to be new ways. It will seem to the uninitiated as if atoms and molecules have arranged themselves and created something new; but the scientist tries to show that however startling the novelties that emerge, they were really present all the time: they are the logical and deducible consequences of what was already in existence. Download 0.99 Mb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
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