The Failures of Mathematical Anti-Evolutionism
Download 0.99 Mb. Pdf ko'rish
|
The Failures of Mathematical Anti-Evolutionism (Jason Rosenhouse) (z-lib.org)
(Van Ness 1969, 103)
When presenting the second law argument, anti-evolutionists sometimes use classical thermodynamics and sometimes use statis- tical mechanics. More often, they are vague in their presentation and leave it to the reader to guess which is intended. At any rate, I have 236 7 thermodynamics belabored the statistical version here since we shall see it again later in the chapter. 7.5 applying the second law to evolution At this point you might be wondering: What does any of this have to do with evolution? The succinct answer is that it has very little directly to do with it. There are two key principles arising from our discussion. The first is that thermodynamics is about bringing mathematical preci- sion to questions about heat flow. The second is that likening entropy to disorder is sometimes useful when trying to communicate the flavor of the second law to lay audiences, but it is not correct when applying the second law to serious scientific questions. If the anti-evolutionist’s argument does not employ the math- ematical machinery of thermodynamics, if instead it is based on nothing more than the vague observation that things naturally decay and break down while evolutionary theory says they have become more complex over time, then there is no reason to invoke the second law at all. Referring to the second law can be rhetorically useful, since it creates an aura of scientific precision, but it adds nothing to the substance of the argument. One can say simply that an increase in ordered complexity throughout natural history is not the sort of thing experience tells us to expect. Any biologist suggesting such a thing had better have a good explanation for how the growth in complexity occurred. Of course, biologists reply that they do have such an explana- tion. Passing chance genetic variations through the sieve of natural selection, can, over time, lead to great increases in complexity, as we have discussed. Anti-evolutionists reject that explanation, but the point is that the ensuing debate has nothing to do with thermody- namics. However, we should give some attention to the second princi- ple. Entropy change has far more to do with heat flow into and out of a system than it does with everyday notions of order and complexity. 7.5 applying the second law to evolution 237 For example, imagine once more the pot of water on a stove. The flame radiates heat that is absorbed by the pot. As a result, the flame cools slightly and its entropy decreases. The pot is heated, and its entropy increases. The second law implies that the entropy increase of the pot must be greater than the entropy decrease of the flame. Let us apply this to the sun and earth. The sun radiates energy to the earth, and consequently its entropy decreases, if only slightly. The earth is warmed and its entropy increases. Nearly all of the heat sent by the sun to the earth is then radiated back into space. This tends to lower the entropy of the earth and to increase the entropy of space. The radiation from the earth into space takes place at a much lower temperature than the radiation from the sun to the earth, and this implies that the entropy increase due to the former radiation more than outweighs the entropy decrease due to the latter. In other words, if we take the earth, sun, and some quantity of the surrounding space as our system, then we can say that the entropy decrease of the sun is more than outweighed by the entropy increase of the surround- ing space. Presumably, there has also been some entropy decrease on earth as a result of the evolutionary process. If we are thinking casually about entropy as a statement about disorder, then it seems plausible that functioning animals represent lower entropy states than the same molecules lying in a lifeless pile. It would be nice to quantify the entropy decrease due to evolution, but there are grave difficulties that make it all but impossible to do so. Since this point will arise naturally in Section 7.8, we shall defer further discussion until then. Physicists often present the second law as the statement, “In an isolated system, entropy cannot spontaneously decrease.” As we have seen, this statement follows as a special case of equation 7.2. Formulated in this way, the second law makes no assertion what- soever about entropy change in open systems. Biologists are quick to point this out, noting that the earth is an open system since it is bathed in energy from the sun, and therefore simplistic applications 238 7 thermodynamics of the second law to evolutionary theory are erroneous. Here is a representative quotation, from Richard Dawkins: When creationists say, as they frequently do, that the theory of evolution contradicts the Second Law of Thermodynamics, they are telling us no more than that they don’t understand the Second Law (we already knew that they don’t understand evolution). There is no contradiction, because of the sun! Download 0.99 Mb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
Ma'lumotlar bazasi mualliflik huquqi bilan himoyalangan ©fayllar.org 2024
ma'muriyatiga murojaat qiling
ma'muriyatiga murojaat qiling