The Failures of Mathematical Anti-Evolutionism
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The Failures of Mathematical Anti-Evolutionism (Jason Rosenhouse) (z-lib.org)
(Morris 1982, 124–125)
Finally, he says we need an “energy conversion mechanism”: It is naively simplistic merely to say: “The sun’s energy sustains the evolutionary process.” The question is: “How does the sun’s energy sustain the evolutionary process?” This type of reasoning is inexcusable for scientists, because it confuses the First Law of Thermodynamics with the Second Law. There is no doubt that there is a large enough quantity of energy (First Law) to support evolution, but there is nothing in the simple heat energy of the sun of sufficiently high quality (Second Law) to produce the infinitely-ordered products of the age-long process of evolutionary growth. (Morris 1982, 127) As is typical with anti-evolutionist writing, we must hack our way through thickets of nonsense before we come to the actual argu- ment. When someone claims that evolutionary theory contradicts the second law, it is perfectly reasonable to reply that the earth is bathed in energy from the sun. When energy enters a system it is possible for entropy to spontaneously decrease, and such a decrease is entirely consistent with the second law. It is an interesting question to ask precisely how the sun’s energy drives evolution, but that question is different from the one we started with, which was whether evolu- tionary theory and the second law conflict. Moreover, the first law has nothing to do with whether there is enough energy available to drive some process, but is instead about the change in internal energy of a system as the result of energy flow through it. Any confusion about the roles played by the laws of thermodynamics is entirely on the anti-evolutionist side. 254 7 thermodynamics The point is that Morris is conflating two separate questions. One question is, “Does evolutionary theory contradict the second law of thermodynamics?” The answer to that question is flatly no, for reasons we have already discussed. An entirely separate question is, “How does the sun’s energy drive the evolutionary process?” That question is answered in detail in the world’s biology textbooks, as opposed to the world’s thermodynamics textbooks. Any question about energy flow is ultimately related to thermodynamics, but the fact remains that explaining photosynthesis and metabolism are problems for biologists and not physicists. This topic will arise again in Section 7.10, so we will defer further discussion until then. The extreme silliness of Morris’ argument can be seen from considering a parallel case. Suppose someone, let us call him John, argues that flight conflicts with the law of gravity because gravity always pulls things down. In reply, a patient physicist will point out that the law of gravity only says that any two objects with mass apply a force on each other. She will go on to explain that a sufficiently strong upward force can counteract the downward force we experience from the earth, and that is why flight is possible. But now John plays his trump card. He says, “Your reasoning is inexcusable! Sure, maybe in principle you could generate an upward force, but the question is how you generate such a force!” The physicist would reply precisely as we replied to Morris. She would say, “But now you are just changing the subject. Your first point was that flight conflicts with gravity, and I explained why that is wrong. An entirely different question is the mechanism we use to make flight possible. That is an interesting and important question, but it is separate from any claim that flight and gravity conflict.” The second law argument languished in this sorry state until its modern revival at the hands of ID proponents. 7.10 reviving the second law argument In comparing the early uses of the second law argument to the manner in which it was used by young-Earth creationists, we see a striking 7.10 reviving the second law argument 255 decline in intellectual rigor. Clark and du Noüy were careful writers, and they thought seriously about their subject matter. We found much to criticize in their arguments, but they were not foolish in the way that Morris and his followers were. However, in recent years anti-evolutionism has been dominated by the intelligent design (ID) movement, and one of their gambits has been to revive the second law argument. Unfortunately, their recent versions of the argument represent no improvement in intellectual seriousness over what we have seen. The chief architect of this revival is mathematician Granville Sewell. His main claim is that the distinction between open and closed systems does little to mitigate the force of the second law argument. He has presented this view in a number of articles. Let us consider some representative quotations. He writes: It is commonly argued that the spectacular increase in order which has occurred on Earth is consistent with the second law of thermodynamics because the earth is not an isolated system, and anything can happen in a non-isolated system as long as entropy increases outside the system compensate the entropy decreases inside the system. Download 0.99 Mb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
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