The Failures of Mathematical Anti-Evolutionism
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The Failures of Mathematical Anti-Evolutionism (Jason Rosenhouse) (z-lib.org)
(Lloyd 2012, 30)
It is very faint praise to say of a physical process that it is consistent with the second law, and this helps us to analyze Sewell’s example of scrap metal turning into computers. This scenario is so far removed from the sorts of systems to which thermodynamics applies that it is unclear how to analyze it in terms relevant to the second law. If Sewell wants to provide a reversible process through which scrap metal assembles itself into computers, then we can revisit the question at that time. The statistical understanding of entropy is likewise unhelpful here. With energy entering the system, statistical mechanics has nothing to say about the forms into which matter will rearrange itself. Of course, we can reply in the same way to the example of a room cleaning itself. The point is that our judgments about what will or will not happen when energy is added to a system have very little to do with abstract principles of thermodynamics. Instead, we have to make those judgments on a case by case basis depending on the specific nature of the system under consideration. It is obvious that sunlight 258 7 thermodynamics will not cause scrap metal to assemble itself into computers, not because of anything we know from thermodynamics, but because we know that nothing much happens, either chemically or mechanically, when sunlight shines on metal. On the other hand, we might consider it equally obvious that sunlight will fuel the chemical reactions that allow a plant to grow and thrive, again not because of thermodynam- ics, but because we understand a great deal about biochemistry and plant physiology. Let us now consider what Sewell says about the “compensa- tion” argument. His assertion that “an extremely improbable event is not rendered less improbable simply by the occurrence of compen- sating events elsewhere,” is difficult to understand. Surely it depends on the nature of the events in question. The chemical reactions that drive photosynthesis are unlikely to happen if a plant is enclosed in an opaque box. If that box is suddenly open to the sun, then those reactions become very probable. Simple examples like this make it hard to understand pre- cisely what Sewell thinks is “illogical” about the notion of entropy decreases in one part of a system being compensated for by entropy increases elsewhere. After all, what Sewell derides as “the compensa- tion argument” is, for physicists, just an immediate and straightfor- ward consequence of what the second law asserts. The basis for Sewell’s complaint about compensation appears to be his conviction that the entropy referred to in the second law can be usefully partitioned into many different types of entropy. He writes: [I]f we define “X-entropy” to be the entropy associated with any diffusing component X (for example, X might be heat), and, since entropy measures disorder, “X-order” to be the negative of X-entropy, a closer look at the equations for entropy change shows that they not only say that the X-order cannot increase in an isolated system, but that they also say that in a non-isolated system the X-order cannot increase faster than it is imported through the boundary. (Sewell 2013a, 168) 7.10 reviving the second law argument 259 This is hard to parse, and his maddeningly vague writing throughout the paper does little to clarify matters, but his basic point appears to be something like this: The thermal entropy referenced in the second law is just one instance of a more general phenomenon. There are actually many types of entropy, and it does not make sense to say that a decrease in one sort of entropy can be compensated for by an increase in some other sort of entropy. The thermal energy imported from the sun does nothing to help explain how the entropy decrease due to evolution is possible. Understood in this way, the argument has two parts: 1. The entropy involved in the second law can be usefully partitioned into different types of entropy, and decreases in one type of entropy cannot be compensated for by increases in other types of entropy. 2. Evolutionary theory really does contradict the second law because an influx of “thermal order” cannot compensate for the entropy decrease due to evolution. Now, several times in this book I have suggested that certain bold claims made by anti-evolutionists ought to trigger whatever skeptical impulses you possess. This is another of those times. The physics underlying the second law has been well understood for close to two centuries, and it is laid out with clarity and mathematical precision in any of the numerous textbooks on the subject. If someone tells you they have discovered a heretofore unnoticed aspect of the second law, and further claims that they can explain it in a few pages of mostly nontechnical writing, then you should suspect not that you are witnessing a revolution in physics, but simply that this person is in some way confused. Let us start with the first point. The entropy referred to in the second law is a precisely defined quantity – essentially it is heat divided by temperature. The mathematical derivation of the second law is based on this definition. You are welcome to analyze other components of a system in terms that are reminiscent of how the second law treats entropy, you can make whatever definitions you 260 7 thermodynamics want, and you are free to refer to things other than heat divided by temperature as an entropy of some sort. But in that case, whatever you are doing has nothing to do with the second law. Bob Lloyd, in the aforementioned discussion of Sewell’s argument, makes the salient point. Referring to a specific example in which Sewell defined something called the “carbon entropy,” Lloyd writes: The assumption that the various components of the total entropy can be treated independently has been imposed arbitrarily, without justification. In a block of steel the “thermal entropy” and the “carbon entropy” interact to give one observable quantity, the entropy; similar statements apply to any system. For any Download 0.99 Mb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
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