The Failures of Mathematical Anti-Evolutionism
particles, all such statistical attempts should be regarded as crude
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The Failures of Mathematical Anti-Evolutionism (Jason Rosenhouse) (z-lib.org)
particles, all such statistical attempts should be regarded as crude estimates. However, they do show, again, that the burden is very much on the anti-evolutionists to provide a serious justification for their use of the second law argument. Also in Section 7.8, I discussed why it is problematic to apply the principles of classical thermodynamics directly to living organisms. In particular, classical thermodynamics deals with systems that are close to equilibrium, while living organisms are far from equilibrium. This has led to the development of “nonequilibrium thermodynamics,” which is a major area of research among physicists today. Readable introductions to this branch of physics are not so easy to come by, but the book by Schneider and Sagan (2005) is a possible 266 7 thermodynamics place to start. Some of their claims are controversial, but the early chapters of the book are a decent introduction to a difficult area. In a previous article, I made some brief remarks about nonequilibrium thermodynamics, as well as about connections between thermodynamics and information theory (Rosenhouse 2017). I have not discussed the origin of life in this book, as I regard it as an entirely separate topic from the modern theory of biological evolution. However, for a recent discussion of the relationship of thermodynamics to the origin of life question, have a look at the book by England (2020). 8 Epilogue 8.1 again, bad math can be rhetorically effective We have completed our survey of mathematical anti-evolutionism, and we have found that none of its arguments is at all successful. However, the situation is actually even worse than that. There is one additional point to be made, which is this: When we consider the project of mathematical anti-evolutionism as a whole, we see that mathematics only plays a rhetorical role in its discourse. For example, consider the notion of “complex, specified infor- mation (CSI).” As we saw in Chapter 5, ID proponents assert that they can use this concept to provide mathematical proof of design in natural history. Recall that an object was said to be complex and specified when it was highly improbable and also fit a recognizable pattern. The claim was made that adaptations like the bacterial flagellum are instances of CSI and therefore could not be produced solely by standard evolutionary mechanisms. This argument has been developed in particular by William Dembski. But what did we see when he tried to apply his concept to a practical case? Specifically, what happened when he tried to show the flagellum is both complex and specified? We saw, first, that his probability calculation was completely parasitic on the notion of “irreducible complexity,” which we dis- cussed in Section 2.5. Recall that this concept was developed by ID proponent Michael Behe. His claim was that if a complex biological system requires multiple, interdependent parts to function, then it could not have arisen through gradual evolution. Dembski explicitly based his calculation on the assumption that this claim was correct. 267 268 8 epilogue Now, if Behe’s claim was correct, then that would be a strong argument all by itself that evolutionary theory had been falsified. A probability calculation would in no way make it stronger. We should note, after all, that Behe himself did not think his argument needed to be supplemented with any mathematics. However, since Behe’s claim is entirely incorrect, for the reasons we discussed in Section 2.5, any calculation based on it can be dismissed as worthless. Either way, Demsbki’s mathematical hand-waving contributed nothing to the argument since all of the conceptual work was being done by irreducible complexity. If this concept is correct then no calculation is needed, and if it is not correct then no calculation based on it will have any force. What about specificity? Dembski’s theoretical development of this concept essentially required graduate-level training in mathemat- ics. He helped himself to copious amounts of notation, jargon, Greek letters, and equations. Anyone unaccustomed to wading through prose of this sort could easily come away thinking it represented work of depth and profundity just from the level of technical detail in its presentation. However, when it came time to discuss the specificity of an actual biological system, the flagellum in this case, all of the technical minutiae went clean out the window. For all the use Dembski made of his elaborate theoretical musings, they might as well never have existed at all. He just declared it obvious that the flagellum was specified and quickly moved on to other dubious claims. At no point did he attempt to relate anything in reality to the numerous variables and parameters he included in his mathematical theorizing. We also saw that Dembski modeled flagellum assembly as a three-stage process of origination, localization, and configuration. We noted that this model was biologically absurd, but we saw in Section 5.8 that Steinar Thorvaldsen and Ola Hössjer attempted to revive it in their 2020 paper. There we were presented with more notation, jargon, and Greek letters. 8.1 again, bad math can be rhetorically effective 269 But then nothing happened. We might have hoped that the pre- sentation of so dramatic an equation was a prelude to an equally dra- matic insight into biology, but there was nothing of that sort. It turned out they did not introduce this formal equation with the intent of using it to calculate or prove anything. They just sort of dumped it on the page and then quickly moved on to the next thing. It was another instance of mathematics being used strictly for rhetorical effect. In Chapter 6 we considered a new line of attack. We were told that cutting-edge mathematical results – the “No Free Lunch” theorems – exposed some sort of fallacy at the heart of evolutionary theory. ID proponents boasted of their own theoretical developments of these theorems, claiming to have extended them in ways that were directly relevant to assessing evolution’s fundamental sound- ness. They pompously referred to their results as “conservation of information” theorems, thereby pretending that their trivial musings should be placed on the mantle next to the other great conservation principles of physics. From there a familiar pattern played out. When we examined the biological conclusions said to be underwritten by these math- ematical results, we found them to be all but vacuous. Despite draping their mathematics over many tedious, symbol-laden pages, it turned out the ID proponents just wanted to convince us that the environment has to embody certain physical principles for evolution to work. Most of us considered that obvious without any need for mathematics, but the ID proponents nonetheless presented it as some brilliant insight they discovered. The pattern played out again in Chapter 7, when we consid- ered the use of thermodynamics in anti-evolutionist discourse. In Download 0.99 Mb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
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