The Failures of Mathematical Anti-Evolutionism
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The Failures of Mathematical Anti-Evolutionism (Jason Rosenhouse) (z-lib.org)
(Sewell 2013b, 5)
Starting at the beginning, it is not at all true that “all current statements of the second law apply only to isolated systems.” We have noted that the most general possible statement of the second law is found in equation 7.2, and that equation is valid in any thermody- namical system. This equation, and the reasoning underlying it, can be found in any thermodynamics textbook. Moreover, the notion that in an open system entropy can decrease, “but no faster than it is exported,” is a very crude way of expressing what the equation says precisely. The equation tells us exactly the extent to which entropy can decrease in an open system. The next claim is that the second law “is all about using probability at the microscopic level to predict macroscopic change.” There is certainly some truth to this, as we discussed in Section 7.4. The problem comes when we attempt to take his advice about applying this understanding of the second law to evolutionary theory. In trying to do so, we immediately confront the issue we discussed at length in Chapter 5. Specifically, we have no way of determining the appropriate probability distribution. Statistical mechanics finds its most natural applications in the theory of gases. When we have large ensembles of gas molecules, it is appropriate to apply a uniform distribution to the various microstates, and that justifies our conclusions about which macrostates are the most likely to be observed. There are other sorts of relatively simple physical systems whose macroscopic behavior can be usefully ana- lyzed by considering the statistical behavior of large ensembles of smaller particles, and the methods of statistical mechanics will find applications to those systems as well. This is not at all the situation with evolutionary theory. Imagine some moment in natural history at which large numbers of animals 7.10 reviving the second law argument 263 exist, and suppose we want to draw a conclusion about the future course of evolution. There is no insight to be gained by treating those animals as large ensembles of smaller particles. We have no basis at all for relating the probabilistic behavior of the particles to the macroscopic properties of the biosphere. The influx of solar energy ultimately fuels all of the physical processes on which life relies, and once life is present, it has a high probability of perpetuating itself into the future. As in Chapter 5, there is no way of quantifying these probabilities, and that is why biologists do not use probability theory to model the long-term trajectory of evolution. Sewell’s argumentation is striking for its level of abstraction. He speaks casually of improbability and the second law, but he never tells us precisely which part of the standard scientific account must be discarded. In the case of evolution, what are the macroscopically describable things he thinks are extremely improbable from the microscopic point of view? Strangely, Sewell finds his examples not from evolution, but from the history of human technology. He is skeptical that atoms will spontaneously rearrange themselves into airplanes and whatnot. Now, we can certainly agree that on a lifeless planet, no amount of solar energy will directly fuel any process that will cause atoms to rearrange themselves into functional machines. You need intelli- gence for that. It is possible that after many millennia, animals with sufficient intelligence to build machines will appear, and then you might have airplanes and the rest. Or it might be that such intelligent animals never appear, and then you will not have those machines. Regardless, the fact remains that once life appears and the evolutionary process gets started, arrangements of matter that would otherwise have been very improbable suddenly become not improba- ble at all. Finally, we should note there is no such thing as the “funda- mental principle behind the second law.” The second law says what it says, and no more. In a legal setting, it is common to contrast the letter of the law with the spirit of the law, but there is no such distinction in science. In the end, therefore, the principles of 264 7 thermodynamics thermodynamics do not actually play any role in Sewell’s argument. He is only asserting his own incredulity over the theory of evolution and then using thermo-jargon to give those vague doubts a patina of scientific legitimacy. This brings us to the end of our discussion of thermodynamics, and of the many abuses of the subject found in the literature of anti- evolutionism. Let us give the last word to Isaac Asimov, who aptly summarized the situation: The second law of thermodynamics (expressed in kindergarten terms) states that all spontaneous change is in the direction of increasing disorder, that is, in a “downhill” direction. There can be no spontaneous build-up of the complex from the simple, therefore, for that would be moving “uphill.” Clearly, then, the creationist argument runs, since, by the evolutionary process, complex forms of life form from simple forms, that process, as described by scientists, defies the second law, and so creationism must be true. This sort of argument implies that a fallacy clearly visible to anyone is somehow invisible to scientists, who must therefore be flying in the face of the second law through sheer perversity. Scientists, however, do know about the second law and they are not blind. It’s just that an argument based on kindergarten terms, as so many of the creationist arguments are, is suitable only for kindergartens. (Asimov 1997, 9) 7.11 notes and further reading There are many excellent books that discuss the basics of thermodynamics. For a readable, nontechnical introduction to the subject, I recommend the book by Goldstein and Goldstein (1993). For a more advanced, but still nontechnical introduction, I recommend the two books by Atkins (1984, 2010). For the reader with some familiarity with calculus who does not mind a few equations, but who would also prefer not to deal with the oppressive detail of the standard 7.11 notes and further reading 265 textbooks, I recommend the book by Van Ness (1969), which remains in print to this day. Finally, the two books by Lemons (2009, 2019) have many insightful things to say. For a thorough discussion of the relation of thermodynamics to evolution, the classic book by Blum (1951) remains timely. A more recent discussion of the same topics can be found in the book by Ho (1997). We have noted that entropy as physicists understand it does not really have much to do with everyday notions of order and disorder. However, it is common in nontechnical introductions to thermodynamics for writers to illustrate entropy with everyday examples like messy rooms or shuffled decks of cards. As we have noted, this is useful for communicating the flavor of the second law to nonscientific audiences, but it is not sufficient if you are engaging in serious scientific discourse. The two articles by Lambert (1999, 2002) and the article by Leff (2012) provide useful discussions about how easy it is to be misled if you think of entropy as synonymous with disorder. In Section 7.8, I discussed a calculation carried out by Robert Oerter to estimate whether the entropy decrease due to evolution was in danger of violating the second law. His calculation was carried out using the classical understanding of entropy. Attempts to apply the statistical mechanical understanding of entropy to evolution have been attempted by physicists Daniel Styer (2008) and Emory Bunn (2009). Both concluded that evolution is safe by many orders of magnitude from any charge of violating the second law. Given the difficulties inherent in imagining a biosphere as a large ensemble of smaller Download 0.99 Mb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
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