The Failures of Mathematical Anti-Evolutionism
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The Failures of Mathematical Anti-Evolutionism (Jason Rosenhouse) (z-lib.org)
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B A B figure 4.1 The grid represents a large space of possibilities, while the black dots represent useful stepping-stones connecting A to B. The stones are equally rare in both cases. On the left, the stones are too scattered to be useful, but on the right we can cross from A to B. which I could find the first stone, and from there I only had to search small portions of the river at each step. Answering broader questions about why things are laid out like this requires experts in the history of this region, and I will leave it to them to answer your question.” The biological analogs are clear. If we want to understand how it was possible for protein A to later evolve into protein B, it is irrelevant that they live in a vast space of theoretically possible proteins, and it is irrelevant that functional proteins are generally rare in the space. What matters is whether functional proteins are sufficiently common in the vicinity of A and B to be used as stepping-stones. This is illustrated in Figure 4.1. In fact, the general rarity of functional proteins in the space could even make it easier to find the path from A to B. To see why, let us return to my analogy. As I presented things, there was only one path of stones across the river. Consequently, no matter where we were, it was easy to find the uniquely correct next step since anything else would have landed us in the water. But suppose that instead of just one path there were actually many paths, only one of which takes us to the other side. The others just peter out into dead ends in the middle of the river. Also suppose the river to be so wide that we cannot see the other side until we have already traversed a large number of stones. In this scenario, we would likely explore a large number of dead ends 90 4 the legacy of the wistar conference before stumbling on to the correct path. We might even fall into the water just out of sheer exhaustion. It is not always advantageous to be confronted with many choices. In biology, it is natural selection that ensures we remain on the correct path, so to speak. Each of an animal’s offspring represents an experiment with a point in the space nearby to the point represented by the parent. If any of those offspring stray into the realm of nonfunctional proteins, then natural selection will step in to ensure their genes do not spread. The sheer rarity of functional proteins will ensure that the selection pressure to stay on the correct path is very powerful indeed. Of course, a skeptic might reply to this in precisely the manner of the local in my story. He might wonder where protein A came from in the first place. The ensuing discussion would quickly trace the chain of causation back to the origin of life. At that point we would reply precisely as in the analogy, saying, “The origin of life is an interesting and important question, but it’s just completely separate from the problem we started with. There is no mystery to how evolution finds small sets of functional proteins in a vast sea of gibberish because it was forced to a certain starting point by the origin of life, and from there it only undertook a series of local searches, ignoring the rest of the space. The origin of life has far more to do with physics and chemistry than it does with evolution, and we will defer to the relevant experts to answer that question.” In Section 3.4, I mentioned the need to understand both the geometric and probabilistic structures of protein space. Eden’s argu- ment provides our first opportunity to flesh out what that means. He based his argument largely on the vastness of protein space as a whole compared with the relative smallness of the set of proteins that are actually used. He then suggested that some constraints were necessary for evolution to be able to search effectively. It is precisely the geometric and probabilistic structures that provide those constraints. The geometric structure relates to how functional proteins are situated with respect to one another: if they 4.3 genetics is different from computer science 91 are arranged like stepping-stones then it does not matter that they are rare in the space as a whole. The probabilistic structure relates to the role of natural selection in the process: selection dramatically raises the probability of finding functional structures as compared to searching blindly. At several points in his presentation, Eden briefly mentions that selection is part of the process, but he never seems to realize the importance of this fact. This failure was noted by other conference Download 0.99 Mb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
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