The Failures of Mathematical Anti-Evolutionism
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The Failures of Mathematical Anti-Evolutionism (Jason Rosenhouse) (z-lib.org)
(Moorhead and Kaplan 1967, 80)
It would seem, therefore, that Schützenberger’s argument is based in large measure on a bad analogy, and it can be dismissed on that basis. 4.4 the perils of long-term modeling 99 4.4 the perils of long-term modeling Modern anti-evolutionists periodically rediscover the Wistar confer- ence. In their telling, the conference involved heroic physicists and mathematicians explaining how the world works to ignorant and dogmatic biologists. Representative is the following description from ID proponent and law professor Phillip Johnson. Referring to math- ematical attempts to determine evolution’s fundamental soundness, he writes: Some mathematicians did try to make the calculations, and the result was a rather acrimonious confrontation between themselves and some of the leading Darwinists at the Wistar Institute in Philadelphia in 1967. … For example, the mathematician D. S. Ulam argued that it was highly improbable that the eye could have evolved by the accumulation of small mutations, because the number of mutations would have to be so large and the time available was not nearly long enough for them to appear. Sir Peter Medawar and C. H. Waddington responded that Ulam was doing his science backwards; the fact was that the eye had evolved and therefore the mathematical difficulties must be only apparent. Ernst Mayr observed that Ulam’s calculations were based on assumptions that might be unfounded, and concluded that, “Somehow or other by adjusting these figures we will come out all right. We are comforted by the fact that evolution has occurred.” The Darwinists were trying to be reasonable, but it was as if Ulam had presented equations proving that gravity is too weak a force to prevent us all from floating off into space. Darwinism to them was not a theory open to refutation but a fact to be accounted for, at least until the mathematicians could produce an acceptable alternative. (Johnson 1991, 38–39) The Wistar conference was held in 1966, not 1967 (the proceedings were published in 1967), and Dr. Ulam’s initials were S. M. (for Stanislaw Marcin) and not D. S., but these are hardly the most 100 4 the legacy of the wistar conference serious problems with this statement. Johnson’s description is not quite factually wrong, but it is so misleading that it amounts to the same thing. Anyone reading this would think Ulam presented a strong, mathematically precise, argument for the insufficiency of evolutionary theory, but was rebuffed by dogmatic and uncompre- hending Darwinists. In reality, that is not at all what happened. Ulam’s presentation bore the slightly awkward title, “How to Formulate Mathematically Problems of Rate of Evolution?” In contrast with Eden and Schützenberger, Ulam was not challenging the fundamental soundness of the theory. As expressed in his talk, his attitude toward neo-Darwinism is best described as agnostic. His intent was to investigate the question of whether there was sufficient time in natural history for Darwinian evolution to accomplish what was attributed to it, and he wanted to develop a mathematical model useful for that purpose. The modesty of his intentions is made clear by this statement, from the beginning of his talk: [I] have done a bit of very schematic thinking on the mathematics of such a process, and I want to make some remarks to you which are not, as one of the speakers stressed before, correct in a realistic sense, but might be relevant for the approach to some quasimathematical discussion at least. The philosophical and general methodological remarks made by various speakers so far can form a basis of what can be, sometime in the future, mathematized. What I am going to do will consist, as it were, of picking out various items from the comments made so far and try to show how, perhaps in some remote future, mathematical schemata can be formulated. Download 0.99 Mb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
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