The Failures of Mathematical Anti-Evolutionism
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The Failures of Mathematical Anti-Evolutionism (Jason Rosenhouse) (z-lib.org)
Here be dragons.
Here be dragons. Origin of life figure 5.2 Searching protein space. The solid black dot at the intersection of the axes represents the origin of life. The other solid black dots represent protein stepping stones connecting an ancient protein to more modern forms. The gray circles show that evolution only examines the local area near an already existing protein and completely disregards most of the space. harmful. Natural selection will then ensure that the improvements are more likely to be represented in future generations than are the harmful proteins. Mathematically speaking, we could say that the effect of selection is to dramatically shift the probability distribution toward favorable proteins and away from harmful ones. If there is a path of steady improvement connecting the rudimentary protein to its modern descendant, then natural selection will preserve our progress along that path. It will prevent us from moving backward while we wait for the next improvement. We can dramatize these issues with an analogy. Suppose you and a friend are in the downtown area of a major American city, and you both decide you want a slice of pizza. You pick a direction and 5.5 the basic argument from improbability 129 start walking. Within just two blocks you find a pizza parlor. Your friend now says, “Incredible! The surface of the Earth is enormous, and almost none of it is covered with pizza parlors. Yet somehow we were able to find one of the few places on Earth that has a pizza parlor. How can you explain something so remarkable?” In this context, the error is obvious. The surface area of the earth is irrelevant because we only needed to search the tiny portion of it near our current location. And while pizza parlors are rare on the surface of the earth generally, they are extremely common in the downtown areas of major American cities. The BAI is guilty of precisely the same oversights, except applied to protein space rather than to the surface of the earth. A more recent version of this fallacy occurs in the book Dar- win’s Doubt , written by ID proponent Stephen Meyer. Referring to the Wistar conference we discussed in Chapter 4, he writes: And that was the problem, as the Wistar skeptics saw it: random mutation must do the work of composing new genetic information, yet the sheer number of possible nucleotide base or amino-acid combinations (i.e. the size of the combinatorial “space”) associated with a single gene or protein of even modest length rendered the probability of random assembly prohibitively small. For every sequence of amino acids that generates a functional protein, there are a myriad of other combinations that don’t. As the length of the required protein grows, the number of possible amino-acid combinations mushrooms exponentially. As this happens, the probability of ever stumbling by random mutation onto a functional sequence rapidly diminishes. (Meyer 2013, 173) The logic underlying this argument fits our bullet-point list perfectly, and Meyer’s argument fails for the reasons we have already enumerated. The probability space implied by his argument is entirely unrealistic biologically since it includes no role for natural selection. 130 5 probability theory However, unlike Foster and Roth, Meyer is too sophisticated to ignore natural selection altogether. Just prior to our previous quote, he presents his reason for discounting it: Clearly, natural selection plays a crucial role in this process. Favorable mutations are passed on; unfavorable mutations are weeded out. Nevertheless, the process can only select variations in the genetic text that mutations have first produced. For this reason, evolutionary biologists typically recognize that mutation, not natural selection, provides the source of variation and innovation in the evolutionary process. As evolutionary biologists Jack King and Thomas Jukes put it in 1969, “Natural selection is the editor, rather than the composer, of the genetic message.” Download 0.99 Mb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
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