The Failures of Mathematical Anti-Evolutionism
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The Failures of Mathematical Anti-Evolutionism (Jason Rosenhouse) (z-lib.org)
(Beeby et al. 2020, 290)
As is typical for articles of this sort, the jargon is formidable. However, the authors’ point is precisely the one I emphasized in Section 2.4. Recall our discussion of the water pipes in my basement, or the arrangement of roads on the way to my father’s office. In these systems everything worked well enough, but their organization only made sense when the historical process leading to them was taken into consideration. They embody patterns that no engineer would even consider, but which fall into place when you realize that each step made sense given what had come before. The authors are saying the flagellum developed in the same way. If you examine its structure as a whole, then there are many aspects of it that do not make sense from an engineering standpoint. But these aspects make perfect sense when you consider the most likely sequence of steps through which the flagellum evolved. Each stage arose by modifying more rudimentary precursor systems or by coopting and repurposing already existing proteins, and this process left its marks on the finished, modern structure. The story of the flagellum is a familiar one to biologists study- ing evolution. Anti-evolutionists make bold, sweeping claims that some complex system could not have arisen through evolution. They tell the world they have conclusive mathematical proof of this. 5.10 the edge of evolution? 153 Scientists then expose the fatal conceptual flaws in the claimed proofs and present the extensive circumstantial evidence that the system actually arose through evolution. In response, the anti-evolutionists retreat to their fallback position, where they fold their arms, pout, and mutter that the evidence is insufficient to convince them. We previously saw this same story for eyes. We could replay it again for numerous other complex systems the anti-evolutionists have occasionally championed. Invariably, the people who actually study these systems see clear evidence for evolution, not design. 5.10 the edge of evolution? Anti-evolutionists have one other probability argument to offer, and we conclude this chapter by considering it. Michael Behe has attempted a different approach to probability calculations, as presented in his 2007 book The Edge of Evolution. Unlike Dembski, or the proponents of the BAI, Behe does not apply his calculations to specific biological structures like gene sequences or bacterial flagella. Instead he identifies specific starting and ending points in protein space and seeks the probability of moving from one to the other. Behe claims that the evolution of certain protein complexes requires multiple, simultaneous mutations, and that this implies they could not have formed by cumulative selection. As a case study, he considers the evolution of Plasmodium falciparum, which is the para- site that causes malaria. Specifically, he considers the process through which the parasite developed resistance to the drug choloroquine. He writes: The mutant PfCRTs [P. falciparum chloroquine resistance traits] exhibit a range of changes, affecting as few as four amino acids to as many as eight. However, the same two amino acid changes are almost always present – one switch at position number 76 and another at position 220. The other mutations in the protein differ from each other, with one group of mutations common to 154 5 probability theory chloroquine-resistant parasites from South America, and a second clustering of mutations appearing in malaria from Asia and Africa. . . . Since two particular amino acid changes occur in almost all of these cases, they both seem to be required for the primary activity by which the protein confers resistance. The other mutations apparently “compensate” for side effects cause by these two primary mutations. Download 0.99 Mb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
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