The Failures of Mathematical Anti-Evolutionism
particular protein complex in which we are interested – the flagellum
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The Failures of Mathematical Anti-Evolutionism (Jason Rosenhouse) (z-lib.org)
particular protein complex in which we are interested – the flagellum in the case of Dembski’s original argument. Loosely translated, the equation just says that the probability of the protein complex is found by multiplying together various other probabilities related to its component parts, precisely as the paragraph asserted in plain English. Of course, mathematicians do this sort of thing all the time. We frequently translate natural language sentences into symbolic equations. Notation and equations make possible a level of precision that is difficult to achieve in a natural language. But then we typically go on to manipulate the equations, so as to learn something about the real-world objects to which the variables relate. Had Thorvaldsen and Hössjer gone on to use this equation for some practical purpose, it would not be necessary to belabor things as I have. However, they do not go on to use this equation for anything. Continuing from where the previous quotation left off, they write: Modeling the formation of structures like protein complexes via this three-part process of production, convergence, and assembly, is of course problematic because the parameters in the model are very difficult to estimate. … [T]he usefulness of the equation is not in the solving, but rather in the contemplation of all the various concepts which science must incorporate when considering the question of how to explain this kind of complex structures [sic]. (Thorvaldsen and Hössjer 2020, 7) In light of this very frank admission, we might wonder what purpose is served by the Greek letters and subscripts. Contemplating the various 5.8 greek letters and subscripts do not help 149 concepts is more easily done when those concepts are expressed in accessible language. That said, are they at least right that the equation clarifies the issues involved in crafting a complex adaptation? Sadly, they are not. In Section 5.7, we noted that Dembski’s flagellum calculation could be dismissed out of hand because it was based on the fallacious assumption that irreducible complexity posed a challenge for evolu- tion. Let us put that aside now and consider whether there is any merit to his three-step model of flagellum assembly. If we were modeling the construction of a building, then it might make sense to think in terms of origination, localization, and configuration. We start by ordering the construction materials from various suppliers, arrange to have those materials transported to the building site, and then configure the materials into a building. For a complex biological structure, however, this approach makes no sense at all. Thorvaldsen and Hössjer, like Dembski before them, treat the assembly of a flagellum as primarily a combinatorial problem about arrangements of proteins. In reality they should be thinking in terms of genetic instructions. These instructions do not operate in three distinct phases of origination, localization, and configuration. Rather, the same instructions that dictate which proteins get produced also direct those proteins to specific locations and mandate the relation- ships among them. It is a package deal, so to speak. This leads us to a further problem with the equation. From our discussion in Section 5.2, we know that whenever we see probabil- ities being multiplied we must ask whether they are independent of each other. Thorvaldsen and Hössjer assert that they are, but this is plainly not correct. Having appreciated that the issue is not about combinatorial arrangements of proteins, but is instead about genetic instructions, we understand that origination, localization, and configuration are not independent processes. Thus, even if we were to grant, for argument’s sake, that we can usefully model the assembly of a flagellum as a three-step process, it still would not make sense to multiply the individual probabilities. 150 5 probability theory Mathematicians typically strive for the utmost clarity and pre- cision in their writing. If your experience of math comes primarily from tedious high school classes, then you may find that hard to believe, but it is true. Used properly, notation and equations permit a level of precision and a clarity of thought that is not otherwise possible. Some practice and training is required to comprehend it all, but the fact remains that good mathematical writing is some of the clearest writing you will ever encounter. In contrast, there is a prominent subset of ID literature that features copious mathematical jargon and notation whose purpose has little to do with bringing clarity to difficult subjects. In fact, we have now seen two examples where the intent seems to be precisely the opposite. Instead of bringing clarity, the intent appears to be to create an aura of complexity. A bad argument does not become good when it is expressed with mathematical notation. Thorvaldsen and Hössjer’s attempt to revive Dembski’s calculation does nothing to address its many deficiencies. We will have to look elsewhere for a probabilistic argument against evolution. 5.9recent work on flagellum evolution Let us summarize the argument of the last few sections. We have seen that ID proponents claim to have developed rigor- ous, mathematical tools with which they can detect intelligent design in the causal history of any event or object. These tools are based on the assertion that improbable things that fit a recognizable pattern can only arise from design. Furthermore, the argument continues, when these tools are applied to the bacterial flagellum the result is mathematical proof that it is in some way the result of intelligent design. In this way, ID proponents claim to have ruled out the possibility that the flagellum is the product of standard evolutionary mechanisms. However, when we looked at the details we found that the argument failed at every point. Their probability calculation was 5.9recent work on flagellum evolution 151 both mathematically and biologically absurd, and we have no rel- evant background knowledge to help us determine whether or not the flagellum instantiates a design-suggesting pattern. We therefore rejected, and frankly scoffed at, the pretensions of ID proponents to mathematical seriousness. Anti-evolutionists have given us no good reason for thinking the flagellum could not have arisen through gradual evolution. Can we do better from the other side? Arguing that there is no reason to reject evolution as the explanation for the flagellum is different from arguing that we have good reason for accepting evolution as the explanation. Do we have good evidence that the flagellum evolved, or should we just throw up our hands and lapse into agnosticism? Over the last two decades, there has been extensive research into the flagellum, as well as into other, similar sorts of propulsion systems found in various microbes. Scientists who study these sys- tems know a tremendous amount about the proteins comprising them and the manner in which such systems are assembled. This research has led to an unambiguous conclusion: the flagellum is the product of gradual evolution. It is not just that the flagellum might, in principle, have arisen through evolution, but rather that the evidence is very strong that it actually did so arise. Careful study of the flagellum shows that it is not the handi- work of a master engineer, but is more like a cobbled-together mess of kludges. It shows the “senseless signs of history” we discussed in Section 2.4. In an article surveying this evidence, a team of researchers summarize the situation like this (note that “exaptation” is a techni- cal term in evolutionary biology that in this case can be thought of as roughly synonymous with “cooption.”): Many functions of the three propulsive nanomachines are precarious, over-engineered contraptions, such as the flagellar switch to filament assembly when the hook reaches a pre-determined length, requiring secretion of proteins that inhibit 152 5 probability theory transcription of filament components. Other examples of absurd complexity include crude attachment of part of an ancestral ATPase for secretion gate maturation, and the assembly of flagellar filaments at their distal end. All cases are absurd, and yet it is challenging to (intelligently) imagine another solution given the tools (proteins) to hand. Indeed, absurd (or irrational) design appears a hallmark of the evolutionary processes of co-option and exaptation that drove evolution of the three propulsive nanomachines, where successive steps into the adjacent possible function space cannot anticipate the subsequent adaptations and exaptations that would then become possible. Download 0.99 Mb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
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