The ministry of highher education, science and innovation of the republic of uzbekistan samarkand state institute of foreign languanges
Analysis of images in the works of Wilhelm Gulf
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BINAFSHA QURBONOVA
2.2. Analysis of images in the works of Wilhelm Gulf
Creating the eastern space, Gauf relied on the fairy tales of the Thousand and One Nights - we can draw numerous parallels between them. Among the motifs borrowed by the German romanticist, we can single out the following: the motif of a real/false ruler, the motif of dressing up, the motif of magic (supernatural powers, magical objects and transformations), the motif of kidnapping/robbery, the motif of (not) recognition. As one of the examples, we can bring the very first tale of Gauf from the "Caravan" - "Caliph the Stork", where the motive of a real, true ruler is found. The action of this work is tied to the conflict of two power groups. On one side of this conflict is the caliph himself, who turned into a stork, his vizier and the enchanted daughter of the Indian king, and on the other, an evil sorcerer who used his powers to get rid of the caliph. The attitude of Gauf himself to his characters is obvious here: he portrays the caliph and his entourage, the vizier and the daughter of the Indian king as kind and sympathetic people. The same positive qualities of the “ideal ruler” are endowed with Harun ar-Rashid in the Thousand and One Nights. For example, in order to find out the needs of the poorest population of the city, he disguised himself as a merchant and secretly wandered the streets of the city together with his vizier Jafar Barmakid (“Caliph for an hour or the story of Abu-l-Hasan-Kutikula”) [Here and further German textcit . by: Die Erzählungen aus den Tausendundein Nächten in sechs Bänden, übersetzt von Enno Littman. Leipzig: Insel- Verlag, 1966; translation of cit. by : Tales, stories and novels from the "Thousand and One Nights" 14 Moreover, the action of Gauf's tale takes place in Baghdad - it was Harun al-Rashid who was the ruler of Baghdad. In the next chapter, we will take a closer look at Gauf's depiction of the East as a civilized society, and the Eastern ruler as the most wise, generous and revered of people. Janak Arnandoff also described the similarities between "The Caliph the Stork" and the tale "The Parrot King" by Arnandoff Janak. Wilhelm Hauffs Märchen und Novellen. München, 1915. S. 10. . In it, an envious and unfaithful vizier turns his ruler, the king of India, into a parrot. At the end, the king defeats his enemy and regains his throne. The difference 14 Comp. THEM. Filshtinsky, per. M.A. Salie. M.: Pravda, 1986].. 20 between this tale and the text of Gauf is only that the German writer depicts the vizier as faithful to his caliph, because of which he himself turns into a stork. The place of the vizier here is occupied by an evil wizard. India (the setting of the fairy tale "The Parrot King") is also present in Gauf in the character of the daughter of the Indian king, but the main action is transferred to Baghdad. However, despite these interesting observations, the researcher does not analyze the connection of other Gauf's tales with "A Thousand and One Nights" A detailed comparative analysis of the tales from Gauf's almanacs with the tales from "A Thousand and One Nights" was made by us in a separate chapter in the previous term paper "The image of the East in the works of V. Gauf". However, despite the fact that we can see Gauf's obvious appeal to the tales of the Thousand and One Nights (which are directly named in the second almanac), his characters are located far from the eastern lands (“Morgenland”) in all three almanacs. From tale to tale there is a constant oscillation between eastern and western territories. As we have already noted, in his almanacs the German writer gradually distances himself from the eastern space, preferring the European one. Recall that the action of "Caravan" takes place in the East, "Sheikh of Alexandria" - both in the East and in the West, and the action of the third almanac "Tavern in the Spessart" has only one oriental story. However, we assume that even Gauf's eastern space is being Europeanized, and this happens more and more clearly with each almanac. So, in "Caravan" the reader is initially presented with those eastern cities that often appeared in the fairy tales of the "Thousand and One Nights": Baghdad, Mecca, Balsora. However, already in "The Tale of the Severed Hand" and "The Tale of Little Torment" the situation changes. The merchant Tsalevkos is from Constantinople, and little Muk is from Nicaea (Asia Minor), which evokes associations with Byzantium and the Ottoman Empire and brings the East closer to the West. In the second almanac, Gauf transfers the action to Alexandria, i.e. from the "pure" East, to Mesopotamia, to Egypt. Gauf's choice of this city can be justified by his connection with Napoleon (which is displayed in the "History of Almansor"). Thus, the German writer transfers the action of his works to the city of the "Greek" East, to the cultivated Hellenistic East, closer to the European. Gauf will return to a purely oriental model later only in The Adventures of Said. In addition to Gauf's shift from a purely Eastern paradigm to a more Europeanized one, the fluctuation between East and West in the almanacs of the German Romantic also occurs at the expense of meetings between representatives of these two cultures. For example, in Caravan, a small group of merchants travels through the Arabian Desert, returning home from Mecca. I would also like to note that, on the one hand, romantics usually perceived all nomadic people (for example, gypsies) as a symbol of a “poetic” way of life. On the other hand, probably for Gauf, the caravan and the long walking route were significant, because the members 21 of the caravan could potentially visit both the East and the West, and therefore serve as a kind of mediator figures between the two lands. Thus, In addition to the intentional "Europeanization" of the eastern space, Gauf also appeals to other methods. For example, we can pay attention to the constant geographical movement of fairy tale characters between East and West. Thus, among the merchants from the caravan there is Tsaleukos, who (as we learn from the "Tale of the Severed Hand") was born in Constantinople in the family of a dragoman, who along the way traded aromatic oils and silks, and then went to Paris to train as a doctor. Returning to Constantinople and finding that his father had died, the hero went to trade in Italy and France. As we can see, already in the "Tale of the Severed Hand" alone, there is a constant geographical movement between East and West. It manifests itself even more clearly in the character of the mysterious Selim Baruch, joining a group of merchants and revealing the secret of his origin in the course of the story. He was born into a Christian family in Alexandria; his father belonged to an old French family, so Selim was brought up in France from the age of ten. The hero also lived for some time in Florence, and then returned to Alexandria. In total, he crossed the border between East and West four times. In the second almanac, such internationality also occurs. For example, when the young men came to listen to the stories of the Sheikh's slaves, they discovered that “da waren Sklaven aller Art und aller Nationen” “They were of different ages and different nationalities” S. 303. . So, among those who told the sheikh stories about their homeland were not only eastern residents, but also two Germans and one Norwegian. Such a diverse and multiethnic society of storytellers is created by the intercontinental slave trade at the time. At the same time, their stories also weave East and West together. For example, in the “History of Almansor” (“Die Geschichte Almansors”), an Egyptian boy who was kidnapped and brought to France, where the boy had to speak only French, adhere to French etiquette, and so on. Almansor was able to immerse himself again in oriental culture only after meeting a learned old man who understood many oriental languages - Arabic, Persian, Coptic, even Chinese. There is an interesting observation in Schwabe’s research that the prototype for this old man was the popular Parisian professor (and orientalist) Sylvester de Sacy, who recreated the East in his home space - he called his apartment “Kleinarabien” (little Arabia), where there were many Persian carpets, pillows , artificially grown palm trees, etc. In 1795, Sylvester de Sacy also began to teach Arabic at the newly founded Special School of Living Oriental Languages (Ёcole speciale des langues orientales vivantes). There is an interesting observation in Schwabe’s research that the prototype for this old man was the popular Parisian professor (and orientalist) Sylvester de Sacy, who recreated the East in his home space - he called his apartment “Kleinarabien” (little Arabia), where there were many Persian carpets, pillows , artificially grown palm trees, etc. In 1795, Sylvester de Sacy also began to teach 22 Arabic at the newly founded Special School of Living Oriental Languages (Ёcole speciale des langues orientales vivantes). There is an interesting observation in Schwabe’s research that the prototype for this old man was the popular Parisian professor (and orientalist) Sylvester de Sacy, who recreated the East in his home space - he called his apartment “Kleinarabien” (little Arabia), where there were many Persian carpets, pillows , artificially grown palm trees, etc. In 1795, Sylvester de Sacy also began to teach Arabic at the newly founded Special School of Living Oriental Languages (Ёcole speciale des langues orientales vivantes). Several times a week, Almansor has conversations with the elderly scientist. Gauf describes him thus: “Um den Kopf hatte er einen feinen türkischen Shawl als Turban gewunden, er hatte einen grauen Bart umgeknüpft, der ihm bis zum Gürtel reichte…Dazu trug er einen Talar, den er aus einem brokatnen Schlafrock hatte machen lassen, weite türkische Beinkleider, gelbe Pantoffeln, und so friedlich er sonst war, an diesen Tagen hatte er einen türkischen Säbel umgeschnallt, und im Gürtel stak ein Dolch, mit falschen Steinen besetzt“ in a mantle, remade from a brocade morning dressing gown, into wide trousers and yellow shoes These days he put on a Turkish saber, and a scimitar decorated with fake stones was stuck in a sash. He smoked a pipe two cubits long, and servants waited on him, also dressed in Persian dress, and many of their faces and hands were smeared with black paint” p. 181. . In the company of this man, the hero of Gauf regains part of his lost identity: he wears Egyptian clothes, speaks his native language and can taste exotic and oriental sweets. Nevertheless, it seems to us that such frequent cross-cultural movements do not give the German reader the opportunity to completely escape reality and their own identity, step back and feel like they are in an oriental space. In addition to hesitation between East and West, the German writer appeals to a strategy that Polaschegg Andrea in Polaschegg's book The Other Orientalism .Der andere Orientalismus: Regeln deutsch- morgenländischer Imagination im 19. Jahrhundert. Berlin: De Gruyter, 2005. called "multilevel diegesia". The researcher shows four dietetic levels, analyzing "The Tale of Little Flour" from the first almanac of fairy tales. Thus, Polashegg notes the presence of an external narrator, who is not Download 374.06 Kb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
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