The Philosophy of Rabindranath Tagore
The Limits of Nationalism
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The Philosophy of Rabindranath Tagore (Ashgate World Philosophies Series) (Ashgate World Philosophies Series) by Kalyan Sen Gupta (z-lib.org)
The Limits of Nationalism
It is Tagore’s view that every nation should be international and resist the enticements of nationalism. He is, in fact, a severe critic of the Western notion of nationalism. The nation, as he defines it, is equated with the nation-state, a mechanical organization of people in pursuit of material aggrandizement. He replaces the idea of nation by the ideology of Swadeshi Samaj, of social relations that are not mechanical and impersonal but based on love and cooperation, of a society where everyone is in tune with everyone else in the world. Hence the idea of internationalism that is dear to him is not the socialist or Marxist internationalism of the workers of the world uniting, but one of a spiritual kind based on the harmony of different races, creeds and religions. Tagore had, however, been a passionate supporter of nationalism during the first decade of the twentieth century, when he had confidence in nationalist ideology as the means of cultural survival. But disillusionment came when he saw the ugly face of nationalism revealed in Japan’s deadly war of aggression against China, in Europe’s march towards the global conflict of 1914–18, and in outbursts of nationalist terrorism. This disillusionment and his consequent shift to anti-nationalism unsurprisingly angered many in the mainstream of the national movement in India. This was reflected in the editorial of a leading Bengali newspaper, Ananda Bazar Patrika, on 5 June 1923: Those who are familiar with the swadeshi [freedom struggle] era know how much the new nationalism or patriotism of Bengal or of India owes to Rabindranath Tagore. Today, after only a few years, the same Rabindranath is putting all his force against nationalism! Perhaps the terrible destructiveness of the last World War of Europe and the ugly face of nations mutually at loggerheads, have hurt the poet’s soul. But, however much the poet’s soft and idealistic soul may be hurt … there is no denying that nationalism is a necessity for the oppressed countries like India … In the present world the effort to bind the strong and the weak by the bond of love may be nice to imagine, but it is hopeless as a practical proposition. 44 50 The Philosophy of Rabindranath Tagore But such reactions could not dislodge Tagore from his new stance of anti- nationalism, for he realized that nationalism was another name for appropriation, by brute force if necessary, of the wealth, and raw materials of other countries, and that nationalism would breed isolationism and violate the highest ideals of humanity. If we turn to his literary works, we find that this fear of the unbridled violence and hatred that nationalism underpins is most effectively displayed in his novel Char Adhyaya (Four Chapters). This was written by Tagore when National Socialism was a growing force in Germany and nationalism and terrorism were flaring up in Bengal, despite the presence of Gandhi. Tagore by this time was aware of the spread of global violence linked, as he saw it, with the scientific world-view, as in the case of so-called ‘distance violence’, like aerial bombing, about which he raised searching questions in his travelogue Parasye. 45 Char Adhyaya, a narrative of such violence in the context of the nationalist terrorism waged against colonialism in India, tells how a group of Bengali revolutionaries begin to disintegrate under pressure from the colonial police. The novel exposes ‘the psychological and moral costs of living the life of a terrorist’, and ultimately ‘the cultural rootlessness’ of the terrorist movement. It aims to drive home how an alleged struggle for freedom in reality ushers in a new form of bondage. Tagore’s critique of terrorist violence in this novel unfolds less through the plot than through the characters and their inner struggle. The story is woven around three characters: Indranath, a revolutionary leader trained in Europe, a brilliant student of science and language with a dispassionate and ruthless temperament, competent in both armed and unarmed combat; Atindra or Atin, son of an aristocratic family, a young recruit to this revolutionary cause, and basically a poet and a lover; and Ela, an attractive girl belonging to Indranath’s group who is in love with Atin. There are four chapters in this novel each of which starts with a brief narrative to help us understand the dialogues that follow. In the first chapter, there is the dialogue between Ela and Indranath. Indranath thinks of himself as ‘Krishna’ in the Bhagavad-Gita, who inspired Arjuna to kill his kith and kin in the name of kshatradharma (the warrior’s code of conduct). He wants to use his followers as instruments for furthering the national cause. Ela is adopted into his group for her ability to attract young men like Atin to the cause. In the second chapter, a love develops between Ela and Atin while, in the third chapter, Ela goes to the secret place where Atin is by now living a very miserable and uncomfortable life and proposes to marry him. In the final chapter, there is the ultimate encounter between Atin and Ela, when Atin tells her how he has reached this stage in his life. He then kills Ela. The plot is simple. Atin is attracted to Ela, and this motivates him to join the revolutionary group. Under Indarnath’s training, Atin grows into a successful revolutionary, but at the cost of his humanity. When Ela becomes a burden to Download 467.3 Kb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
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