The renaissance analzye the influence of humanism on the visual arts in the italian renaissance

Work was taken away from the home

Man was the breadwinner

Women’s role was now tied to domestic duties

• Women’s role was now tied to domestic duties

• Single women worked for low wages and faced exploitation

• Irish workers came to Britain for better jobs and to escape the Irish Potato Famine

• Irish Catholic peasants rented land
• Lived in poverty
• 1840s famine caused widespread suffering
• Immigration to Britain and the US

WORKING CONDITIONS

• 14 hours a day, few holidays

• Brutal and unsafe conditions

• Low wages especially for women and children

• Real wages increased 50%

• Skilled workers made 2X that of unskilled

• Work was impersonal

• Child Labor

• Abandoned children
• 12 hour days and appalling conditions
• Families worked as a unit

Saddler Commission

• Saddler Commission

• Investigated working conditions

• Factory Act of 1833

• Limited workday for children 9-13 to 8 hours a day
• Limited hours of ages 14-18 to 12 hours a day
• Elementary education for children under age of 9

INDUSTRIAL WORKER

• Proletariat = Factory Workers

• Poorhouses provided disgusting work designed to persuade workers to get out of the Poorhouses

• Luddites

• Irate workers smashed machines
• Feared machines were taking their jobs

• Friedrich Engels (The Condition of the Working Class)

• Colleague of Karl Marx
• Charged the English Middle Class with mass murder, robbery and other crimes at the expense of the proletariat

UNION MOVMENT

• Leaders began organizing workers to resist exploitation

• Combination Acts (1799)

• Prohibited Unions
• Fear from the French Revolution =

• Robert Owen

• Cared about his workers
• New Harmony = Utopian Socialist community

• Chartists

• All men have the right to vote

• Unions wanted the 10-hour day and cheaper grain prices (Anti-Corn laws)

• Bread and Butter issues =

CONSERVATISM, NATIONALISM, LIBERALISM & SOCIALISM

CONCERT OF EUROPE

• Keep the status quo (Conservatives)

• Dominated by Prince Metternich

CONSERVATISM

• A reaction to liberalism and the violence of the French Revolution

• Edmund Burke

• Worried about Nationalism threatening the empires (Austrian)

CARLSBAD DECREES

• Multi-ethnic composition of the Austrian Hapsburg Empire inspired liberalism and nationalism ideas

• Universities, professors and student groups were more liberal and nationalistic

• Prince Metternich cracked down on liberalism in universities

• Unification literature was censored

PETERLOO MASSACRE

• Corn Laws of 1815 halted importation of cheaper foreign grain

• Benefited wealthy English landowners
• Hurt the majority of English population

• Pro-Liberal crowd listening to anti-Corn law speeches were attacked by British police

• 11 killed

• Press was censored and mass meetings prohibited

NATIONALISM

• Turn cultural unity into self-government

• Common language, history and traditions bring unity and common loyalities

• Supported by Liberals

• Origins: French Revolution and Napoleon

• Johann G. Herder

• Volksgeist
• Every culture is unique
• No one culture is superior
• Every nation should contain all members of the same nationality

Johann G. Fichte

• Johann G. Fichte

• Father of German nationalism
• German superiority over other peoples
• Criticized Jews

REVOLUTIONARY MOVEMENTS

• Spain (1820)

• Naples (1820)

• Carbonari
• Austrian troops crush rebellion

• Greek Revolution (1821-29)

• Eastern Question = Balkans
• England, France and Russia join Greeks
• Greeks were Christians
• Ottomans were Muslim
• Defeated Turks
• Greek independence recognized

LIBERALISM

• Humans have certain “natural rights” and government should protect these rights

• Rights are to be guaranteed by a written Constitution =

• Republican form of government

• Representative

• Adam Smith (Wealth of Nations)

• Bible of capitalism
• Economic individualism
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