The renaissance analzye the influence of humanism on the visual arts in the italian renaissance

Theory condemned by Catholics, Luther and Calvin

Tycho Brahe

• Observatory collected data
• Wanted to disprove Copernicus theory

Johannes Kepler

• Three Laws of Planetary Motion
• Orbits are elliptical
• Proved Copernican Theory

GALILEO

• Developed the Laws of Motion

• Used Empiricism (Controlled Experiments

• Validated Copernicus Theory with telescope

• Law of inertia

• Forced to recant by Pope Urban VII

SCIENTIFIC METHOD

• Francis Bacon Inductive Method (Empiricism)

• Observation, Hypothesis, Experiment and organize data
• Find the truth at the end

• Rene Descartes Deductive Method

• Discourse on Method
• Cogito Ergo Sum
• Start with clear facts and subdivide each problem into as many parts as possible
• Cartesian Dualism divided Mind and Matter

• Modern Scientific Method

• Inductive Method + Deductive Method

SIR ISAAC NEWTON

• Incorporated the astronomy of Copernicus and Kepler with the physics of Galileo to explain the order and design of the universe

• Principia
• Natural Laws of Motion – Gravitation
• Natural laws are unchangeable and predictable
• Deism

EFFECTS

• Astronomy

• Mathematics

• Deism

• God is a Clock Maker
• He set the universe into motion and watches
• Prayer not needed

• Anatomy

• William Harvey – Blood flow
• Anton van Leeuwenhoek – Bacteria

• Scientific Community

• Governments encouraged Scientific discoveries
• Prestige and new technology
• Royal Society of England

• Navigation

• Led directly to the Enlightenment

ENLIGHTENMENT

IMPACT ON SOCIETY

• Emergence of a secular world view

• Enlightened Despotism

• American and French Revolutions

• Education reforms

• Growth of Laissez Faire capitalism

• Classical Liberalism

• Individual liberties
• Equality before the law
• Natural Rights
• General Will
• Freedom of Speech, Religion and Press

JOHN LOCKE

• Two Treatises of Civil Government

• State of Nature – Humans are good but lack protections

• Natural Rights – Life, Liberty and Property

• Education is the key to human development

• Tabula Rasa

PHILOSOPHES

• Believed in progress through discovering the natural laws governing nature and human existence

• Voltaire

• Challenged traditional Catholic theology
• Crush the infamous thing
• Advocated Enlightened Despotism
• Defend to the death your right to freedom of speech

• Baron de Montesquieu

• Separation of powers into three branches
• Checks and balances

• Jean-Jacques Rousseau

• Social Contract
• General Will
• All men are born free but everywhere are in chains
• Man was a noble savage
• Emile believed in progressive education through learning by doing

Denis Diderot

• Denis Diderot

• Editor of Encyclopedia
• Compilation of political and social critiques of the various Enlightenment philosophes
• Emphasized science and reason
• Critical of religion, injustice and tyranny

• Marquis Beccaria

• On Crimes and Punishments
• Humanize criminal laws
• Equality before the law
• Opposed torture

ADAM SMITH

• Francois Quesnay was leader of the French physiocrats who opposed mercantilism and favored laissez faire

• Adam Smith

• Wealth of Nations
• Expanded Laissez Faire
• Too much government control hurt production
• Believed economy governed by natural laws of supply and demand
• Government should provide schools, roads and military to protect trade

WOMEN

• Salons

• Emile – Women are to be obedient wife and mother

• Voltaire – Women are capable of all that men do

• Women patronized philosophes (Diderot)

• Mary Wollstonecraft promoted political and educational equality for women to end women’s subjugation to men (slaves)

IMMANUEL KANT

• While reason can neither prove nor disprove the existence of God, faith and intuition can lead one to understand the spiritual truths, existence of God, immortality and heaven and hell.

• “What is the Enlightenment”

ENLIGHTENED ABSOLUTISM