The renaissance analzye the influence of humanism on the visual arts in the italian renaissance

CHARACTERISTICS

• Belief that Absolute Rulers should promote the good of the people

• Religious toleration

• Legal codes

• Increased access to education

• Reduction or elimination of torture and the death penalty

FREDERICK THE GREAT

• First Servant of the State

• Reforms increased power of the state

• Religious freedom to Catholics and Jews

• Created a clear unified national code of law

• Freed serfs on royal lands

• Abolished capital punishment

• Junkers – backbone of Prussia

• Nobles
• Serfdom maintained
• Marriages not recognized between nobles and commoners

CATHERINE THE GREAT

• Boyars given complete control of serfs

• Imported western culture into Russia

• Printing Press introduced

• Restricted torture

• Limited religious toleration – Old Believers

• Only nobles benefited

MARIA THERESA

• Pragmatic Sanction

• Limited the power of the nobles and Church

• Partially freed the serfs
• Reduced tortures
• Suppressed the Jesuits
• Taxed the church

• Economics

• Abolished guilds
• Abolished internal tariffs
• Improved transportation

JOSEPH II

• Abolished serfdom

• Freedom of religion given to Protestants and Jews

• Reformed judicial system

• Abolished torture and death penalty

• Established hospitals

• Expanded state schools

• Made parks available to public

• Made German the official language

EUROPE IN THE 17th & 18th CENTURIES

AGRICULTURAL REVOLUTION

• 80% of Western Europe were farmers and higher in the East

• Open Field System

• England and Netherlands

• Increase in food production led to population explosion

• New methods of cultivation

• Cornelius Vermuyden – Drainage
• Charles Townsend – Crop rotation
• Jethro Tull – Seed Drill
• Robert Bakewell – Selective Breeding

• Columbian Exchange

• Potatoes and Corn
• Sugar

Enclosure Movement

• Enclosure Movement

• 1st Enclosure (16th Century) for Sheep
• 2nd Enclosure (18th Century) ended Open Field System
• Commericalization of Agriculture
• Increased farm size
• Corn Laws benefited landowners
• Peasants forced off land

• Impact of Agricultural Revolution

• Population Explosion
• Enclosure movement
• Cottage Industry
• Lower food prices

ATLANTIC ECONOMY

• Spain, Portugal, Netherlands, Great Britain and France

• Mercantilism

• Bullionism

• Navigation Acts

• Triangular Trade

• The Dutch

• The Slave Trade

The Bubbles

• The Bubbles

• Colonial Wars

• Britain vs. France
• Treaty of Utrecht
• Ended War of Spanish Succession
• Asiento given to Britain
• Seven Years War
• Started over who would control North America
• Treaty of Paris ended war
• France lost Canada
• Spain given Louisiana
• Britain received India
• The American Revolution
• France
• Britain lost American colonies

POPULATION GROWTH

• Potato

• Better diet = better immune system

• Improved sanitation system

• Medicine advances (Edward Jenner)

THE FAMILY

EDUCATION AND HEALTH

THE FRENCH REVOLUTION

ANCIEN REGIME

• Louis XV restored the Parlement

• First Estate

• Second Estate

• Third Estate

• Taille
• Corvee
• Bourgeoisie
• Lettre de cachet
• Arrest warrant without charges or trial

LONG-TERM CAUSES

• American ideals of liberty

• Enlightenment ideas led to criticism of government

• Montesquieu, Locke, Rousseau

• Laissez faire

• Adam Smith

• French debt

• American Revolution

SHORT TERM CAUSES

• France was bankrupt because of the debt

• Inefficient tax system

• Inflation (65%)

• Jacques Necker tried to raise taxes on Nobility

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