The term 'translation theory' (TT) is used as a synonym of several other terms accepted with a similar meaning in translat

Phonemes – proper, geogr names, some terms – Challenger – Челенджер, bobsleigh – бобслей.+ Graphemes–off-shore – оф-шор.Transcription(-literation).
Morphemes – самореклама – self-promotion. Loan translation – method of segmenting words into components which are further translated.
Words – 1. semantic peculiarities the correlation of denotational and connotational components of meaning and some other features, 2. dependence on context; context-free – names, precision lexis; context-bound – polysemantic words. (assault – штурм,оскорбление,выступление против)
Word-groups – esp. important in E-R T. bc E word being an analytical lang is more dependant on its environment
Sentence – 2 cases 1. when same utterance is used in own idiomatic way(Auth personnel only – служ вход). 2. proverbs and sayings which have dif. Images + to retain proper styl. effect.
Text – esp. poetry. Ye.V. Breus who defined units of translation in connection with a text which is viewed as a matrix («сетка») of translation problems. This matrix covers problem translation ureas and problem-free translation areas. In the former case a translator deals with units of translation which he has to translate creatively and of his own accord, while in the latter case he transcodes a text using regular correspondences according to Ya.I. Retsker's theory.
Stages in the text-segmentation procedure:
1) segmenting to the minimal units of sense or expression
2) analyzing all contextual modifications of sem and formal features( манципации – мунципации).
3) considering all situational and background factors
4) socio-ethno-cultural factors
5) enlarging, diminishing, dropping of those ling units ( старухи сидели)
6) applying the principle of interchangeability (wrong number – ошиблись номером)
7) consider addressee factor
8) choose proper T strategy ( w-for-w, literal, adequate ; Бог с вами – Never mind about them)
(9) Trad-ly 2 criteria: Communicative f-n: literary – aesthetic impression(prose, poetry, drama) & informative – convey info(scientific,diplomatic,official,business);