The Wild Animal’s Story: Nonhuman Protagonists in Twentieth-Century Canadian Literature through the Lens of Practical Zoocriticism
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Allmark-KentC
Animal Biography I contend that one of Seton ’s and Roberts’ most important defamiliarizing techniques is the wild animal biography. This is different to a biographical narrative structure; it is the demonstration that just as surely as each animal has a “biology,” each also has a “biography” (Balcombe 192). Knowledge of the ‘personal history’ of an animal (to use Seton’s phrase) aids our ability to see each as a “separate and unique” individual (192). As indicated by Fudge’s defamiliarization of a leather shoe, evidence of an individual’s biography—the story of “the animal from which the leather came” (12)—undermines and destabilizes perceptions of the animal as an object. This idea of animal biography is closely tied with Tom Regan’s argument for the inherent value of nonhuman beings as subjects-of-a-life. In The Case for Animal Rights (1983), he explains: individuals are subjects-of-a-life if they have beliefs and desires; perception, memory, and a sense of the future, including their own future; an emotional life together with feelings of pleasure and pain; preference- and welfare-interests; the ability to initiate action in pursuit of their desires and goals; a psychophysical identify over time; and an individual welfare in the sense that their experiental life fares well or ill for them, Allmark-Kent 113 logically independently of their utility for others and logically independently of their being the object of anyone else’s interests. Those who satisfy the subject-of-a-life criterion themselves have a distinctive kind of value —inherent value—and are not to be viewed or treated as mere receptacles. (243, emphasis added) From my analysis so far, it should be clear that Seton ’s and Roberts’ autonomous individuals satisfy these criteria. Indeed, the nonhuman protagonists of the zoocentric texts discussed in the subsequent chapters of this thesis also qualify as subjects of a life. The strength of this concept lies, as Regan explains, in the fact that there is no hierarchy: “One either is a subject of a life […] or one is not. All those who are, are so equally” (245). Thus, I argue that one of the zoocentric functions of the wild animal story is to challenge objectifying perception s of animals by using the individual’s biography to prove that they are the subject of a life. This process is particularly crucial for our ability to empathize with non- domesticated animals. By narrating the life histories of wild individuals, these stories create a fantasy of the “intimacy” and sympathetic understanding discussed by Salt (53) . In other words, they make the ‘distant’ and ‘unknowable’ wild animal —seemingly identical and indistinguishable from the rest of its kind— into a knowable and irreplaceable individual. Hence, we can also see the relationship between the fantasy of knowing and the exercise of our empathetic imaginations. I suggest, however, that in the wild animal story, the defamiliarizing power of this biographical technique is connected to the death of the animal. It is the moment at which the nonhuman protagonist is transformed from a subject of a life to an object of utility. Perceiving only utilitarian value, not inherent value, the human character kills the protagonist without any knowledge or concern for the unique life history that is being erased. The privileged understanding that comes from knowledge of the animal’s biography, however, Allmark-Kent 114 transforms an act that might pass without comment in an anthropocentric story into a distressing loss. Moreover, as I will discuss later in this section, Seton and Roberts often heighten this effect by demonstrating that the animal protagonist exists in a network of meaningful relationships. In many cases, readers are equipped with the knowledge that the abrupt death of the protagonist will inevitably result in the slow death of those who were reliant upon them (an injured companion or young offspring unable to fend for themselves, for instance). Considerin g Seton’s direct appeals on behalf of animals, it is unsurprising that the sudden deaths of his protagonists are always loaded with meaning and dramatic irony. As he declares in the preface to Wild Animals I Download 3.36 Mb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
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