The Wild Animal’s Story: Nonhuman Protagonists in Twentieth-Century Canadian Literature through the Lens of Practical Zoocriticism
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The Animal as Animal In The Wild Animal Story, Lutts suggests that Seton and Roberts were pre-empted in their endeavour to depict a nonhuman perspective by an American: “Charles Dudley Warner was perhaps the first North American writer to describe events from the point of view of a wild animal” (3). Although “A- Hunting of the Deer ” (1878) does indeed depict “the hunt as the deer experienced it” (Lutts 3) and certainly conveys a message of sympathy for the hunted animal, Warner shows us little of the doe’s own perspective. His tone is humorous and playfully anthropomorphic throughout: “Of all wild creatures [the deer] is one of the most graceful in action, and he poses with the skill of an experienced model” (Warner 3). There seems to be little serious engagement with the animal as an animal. As in Beautiful Joe and Black Beauty, there seems to be no alterity, nothing specifically ‘nonhuman’ about this doe’s experience of the hunt. Of course, there is currently no consensus on what constitutes a ‘nonhuman perspective,’ although I suggest that Shapiro and Copeland’s phrase “empath[y] with the world-as-experienced by that animal” (345) might be a good start. I have observed that Seton, Roberts, and the writers of the six twentieth-century zoocentric texts all use sensory experience as a way of empathizing with their protagonists. These perceptions can be unique to both the species and the individual, and often convey scientific information. Moreover, they also indicate the combined operation of an individual’s sensory organs, cognitive faculties, and long-term memory. For instance, in “The Master of the Golden Pool,” from Watchers of the Trails (1904), Roberts speculates on the underwater perspective of a trout: It was only to the outside world —to the dragonfly, and the bird, and the chattering red squirrel in the overhanging hemlock —that the deep water under the bank looked black. To the trout in his lair, looking upward toward the sunlight, the whole pool had a golden glow. [...] The sky of the Allmark-Kent 103 big trout’s world was the flat surface of Golden Pool. From the unknown place beyond that sky there came to his eyes but moving shadows, arrangements of light and dark. He could not see out and through into the air unobstructedly, as one looks forth from a window into the world. Most of these moving shadows he understood very well. When broad and vague, they did not, as a rule, greatly interest him; but when they got small, and sharply black, he knew they might at any instant break through and splash and become real, coloured things, probably good to eat. (27-8) By contrasting these different perceptions of the pool, Roberts explores the specific world-as-experienced by a trout. He also indicates the unique perspective of this individual trout by demonstrating that he makes choices and has opinions. Sensory perception combines with prior knowledge to enable intelligent analysis; he knows what’s good to eat and he knows what to ignore. Roberts ’ use of “good” suggests that this trout has preferences, that he prefers to eat some things more than others, and that they may taste good too (28). There is also a balance here between the familiar and the unfamiliar —a nonhuman perspective that is both ‘alien’ and knowable. Likewise, in Animal Heroes (1905), Seton uses the story of “Badlands Billy” to blend scientific knowledge and imaginative speculation: A Dog would have trotted right up to the carcass, an old-time Wolf might have done so, but constant war had developed constant vigilance in the Yellow Wolf, and trusting nothing and no one but her nose, she slacked her speed to a walk. On coming in easy view she stopped, and for long swung her nose, submitting the wind to the closest possible chemical analysis. She tried with her finest tests, blew all the membranes clean again and tried it ones more; and this was the report of the trusty nostrils, yes, the unanimous report. First, rich and racy smell of Calf, seventy per cent; smell of grass, bugs, wood, flowers, trees, sand, and other uninteresting negations, fifteen per cent.; smell of her Cub and herself, positive but ignorable, ten per cent.; smell of smoke, one per cent.; of sweaty leather smell, one per cent.; of human body-scent (not discernible in some samples), one-half per cent.; smell of iron, a trace. (126-7) In describing this sensory experience of a dead calf’s body, Seton depicts his protagonist as both an animal and an individual. Her perception is unlike a human’s but it is also unlike that of a dog or even another wolf. Her unique Allmark-Kent 104 perspective has been gained through learned experience and interpretation of sensory input. Her decision not to approach the calf is based on her ability to both recall information and predict consequences. Hence, Seton does not just convey what it might be like to be a wolf; he explores the individual reality of this specific wolf. Shapiro and Copeland assert that one function of zoocentric literary analysis is to evaluate “the degree to which the author presents the animal ‘in itself,’ both as an experiencing individual and as a species-typical way of living in the world” (345). Both the wolf and the trout demonstrate species-specific sensory perceptions. They can differentiate between different input they receive and know that certain shapes or smells relate to specific beings or objects. Based on their individual experiences and preferences, each can use this sensory information to choose how best to proceed. Thus, it is clear that, in the words of Roberts, both writers are building upon “a substantial foundation of known facts” to explore the “unknown world” of an individual animal’s perspective (Kindred 24). It is worth noting, here, that Seton tends to restrict his speculations to species he can observe first-hand, mostly birds and mammals. Whereas, Roberts explores the unique experiences of an array of species, from an ant to a giant squid. As I will demonstrate below, I believe that these differences may be due to Roberts’ treatment of the genre as a series of zoocentric thought-experiments and Seton’s desire to campaign on behalf of Download 3.36 Mb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
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