The Wild Animal’s Story: Nonhuman Protagonists in Twentieth-Century Canadian Literature through the Lens of Practical Zoocriticism
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Allmark-KentC
CHAPTER FOUR
WILD ANIMALS AND NATURE FAKERS By re-contextualizing the wild animal story in the previous chapter, I will now be able to provide a re-interpretation of the genre. Through the framework of practical zoocriticism, I will consider each of the wild animal story characteristics I have identified in relation to ‘literature,’ ‘advocacy,’ and ‘science.’ For coherence, I will attempt to discuss these features individually using examples from Seton ’s and Roberts’ stories. It is impossible to separate them entirely, however, as some characteristics operate in conjunction with others. Literature In the previous chapter I argued that, in nineteenth-century Canadian literature, animals appeared most often as objects of utility, for example as a ‘natural resource.’ Whether as the trophy of a hunt or an anthropomorphic character in a moral tale for children, there was little engagement with the animal as an animal. Even when represented as an individual, the animal usually appeared in relation to humans, often as a companion or assistant who lacked their own autonomy. Thus, I contend that the zoocentrism of the wild animal story may be its most significant contribution to Canadian literature. Prior to Seton and Roberts, efforts to represent animals as animals, as individuals, and as beings who were independent and autonomous from humans, seems to have been negligible. In “Toward a Critical Theory of Animal Issues in Fiction,” Shapiro and Copeland question what roles exist for animals in literature, other than as symbol or reductive object (344). They offer a zoocentric alternative: Allmark-Kent 101 An animal could appear as him or herself —as an individual with some measure of autonomy, agency, voice, character, and as a member of a species with a nature that has certain typical capabilities and limitations. Of course, there are problems with knowing an animal in this way but, like any other critical position, the degree to which an animal is presented true to himself or herself is an evaluative ideal. (344) I suggest, then, that the wild animal story’s fantasy of knowing the animal constitutes just such an alternative. Yes, these depictions are a fantasy, but they also demonstrate a sincere attempt to “empathize with the world-as- experienced by that animal” (345). It is worth noting, again, Sandlos’ description of this creative objective: At the root, this is the unique innovation of these early Canadian animal stories: a realist depiction of nature as a living terrain that contains many living, breathing, and interacting subjects, as opposed to a purely imaginative nature that emphasizes picturesque or sublime qualities, as with the eighteenth-century landscape tradition, or one that emphasizes the creative experience of the human observer, as is common with Romantic literature. (Fur and Feathers 78-9, emphasis added) Here, however, he omits a vital component of this “realist depiction.” I believe that an e qually significant aspect is the authors’ attempt to engage with science. As Roberts observes in his preface to Kindred, books like Black Beauty and Beautiful Joe “have done a great service” in promoting animal welfare, but “their psychology is human” (27). It is crucial that we do not neglect the “framework of natural science” (24) upon which Seton and Roberts attempted to create their zoocentric narratives. In this section I will consider the ways in which Seton and Roberts express the animality, individuality, and autonomy of their nonhuman protagonists. As I have stated above, I will endeavour to discuss them in separation as individual characteristics of the genre, although some crossover is inevitable. |
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