The Wild Animal’s Story: Nonhuman Protagonists in Twentieth-Century Canadian Literature through the Lens of Practical Zoocriticism
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the Minds of Animals (1984), Robert Boakes explains that in the 1860s and 70s,
the topic of animal intelligence became so “extraordinarily popular” that “[c]ountless letters flowed in to scientific and popular journals, reporting striking observations of animals that suggested unsuspected mental capabilities” (25). It seems that both amateurs and experts alike had anecdotes to share. Whilst writing Origin , Darwin had “collected many observations—some his own, some supplied to him by colleagues —documenting the mental and emotional similarities of humans and animals” (Morell 11). In 1874, two years after the publication of Expression, Darwin was visited at his home, Downe House, by a young man whose papers on evolutionary biology he had read and with whom he had shared some correspondence. George Romanes 2 was “virtually anointed” as Darwin’s successor (Richards 332). From this visit began a “brief, but psychologically intense relationship between Romanes and the man who would become his mentor, hero, paragon, and father substitute” (336). Darwin 2 Incidentally, Romanes was also a Canadian, but spent the majority of his life in England. Allmark-Kent 94 gave his forty-year collection of notes and papers on animal intelligence to Romanes, who also gathered his own body of observations —first-hand, from his peers, and from the anecdotal letters flooding into periodicals (Morell 12, Boakes 25). In 1882, shortly after Darwin’s death, Romanes finally published his own monumental achievement, Animal Intelligence. He explains in the preface that he had intended to include “the facts of animal intelligence” and “their relation to the theory of Descent” in one volume, but there was so much material that he was forced to dedicate Animal Intelligence to the former and Mental Evolution in Animals (1883) to the latter (Romanes, Intelligence v). In the same preface, however, he observes the unforeseen negative impact of this intense public interest in animal intelligence. He reflects that “the phenomena of mind in animals, having constituted so much and so long the theme of unscientific authors,” seems to be “now considered well-nigh unworthy of serious treatment by scientific methods” (vi). In other words, as the topic had not yet been included in this process of scientific specialization and professionalization, it had been almost entirely dominated by amateurs, and was thus unlikely to ever become a science. Indeed, he remarks: “Comparative Psychology has been virtually excluded from the hierarchy of the sciences” (v). Demonstrating the common need to justify interest in animals through some anthropocentric objective, Romanes emphasizes the “new and profound importance” that the “facts of animal intelligence” have acquired “within the last twenty years” due to “the proved probability of their genetic continuity with those of human intelligence ” (vi). As such, he declares that “no subject of scientific inquiry can present a higher degree of interest” for the “present generations” (vii). Indeed, he laments that the popular writers —who had held the “endeavour” of Allmark-Kent 95 determining each species’ “particular level of intelligence” almost exclusively in their hands —had “merely strung together” innumerable anecdotes with “more or less inadequate” discrimination (v-vi). He is particularly careful to distinguish himself from these “anecdote-mongers,” as the “only methods” at his disposal are equally reliant on anecdotal evidence (v, vii). At all times he reasserts his “sound scientific intention” that the ultimate purpose of this “mapping out of animal psychology” is for “subsequent synthesis” and to lay “a firm foundation” for a “future treatise on Mental Evolution” (vii). Nonetheless, he also defends Download 3.36 Mb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
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